Isotopes Claisen rearrangement

Final remarks. The 14C-KIE and 2H-SKIE data presented in this Section (VLB) clearly indicate the usefulness of isotope effect methodology in studies of mechanistic details of thermally induced Claisen rearrangement, which provides a synthetic route to y,5-unsaturatcd carbonyl compounds. The primary and secondary 14C KIE supplement strongly the deuterium SKIE. Especially easy for interpretation are 14C and 2H isotope... 

Verification of different theoretical methods used in calculations of transition states was thoroughly discussed by Singleton et al.60 on the basis of their own and published by others studies of Claisen rearrangement. The rearrangements of allyl vinyl ether (Equation (31)) and allyl phenyl ether (Equation (32)) were chosen for by the combined 2H, 13C and l70 isotope effects and calculation studies. 

The experimental KIEs were determined for the aliphatic Claisen rearrangement in p-cymene at 120°C and for the aromatic Claisen rearrangement either neat at 170°C or in diphenyl ether at 220°C. Changes in 2H, 13C or 170 composition were determined for unreacted substrates. For carbon analysis of allyl vinyl ether the C5 carbon was used as an internal standard. The C4 atom and rneta aryl protons were used as references in analysis of allyl phenyl ether. The 170 analysis was based on a new methodology. The results are summarized in Table 1, along with predicted isotope effects calculated for experimental temperatures by means of different computational methods. The absolute values of predicted isotope effects for C4 and C5 atoms varied with theoretical level and all isotope effects were rescaled to get reference effects equal to 1.000. 

Another series of publications from Ken s group compared kinetic isotope effects, computed for different possible transition structures for a variety of reactions, with the experimental values, either obtained from the literature or measured by Singleton s group at Texas A M. These comparisons established the most important features of the transition states for several classic organic reactions — Diels-Alder cycloadditions, Cope and Claisen rearrangements, peracid epoxidations, carbene and triazolinedione cycloadditions and, most recently, osmium tetroxide bis-hydroxylations. Due to Ken s research, the three-dimensional structures of many transition states have become nearly as well-understood as the structures of stable molecules. 

Wiest, O. Black, K. A. Houk, K. N. Density functional theory isotope effects and activation energies for the Cope and Claisen rearrangements, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 10336-10337. 

Al-Sader, B.H. and Al-Fekri, D.M., On the mechanism of flash vacuum pyrolysis of phenyl propargyl ether. Intramolecular deuterium kinetic isotope effect on Claisen rearrangement, J. Org. Chem., 43, 3626, 1978. 

Claisen rearrangement of chorismic acid 1 to prephenic acid 2 (Scheme 1), which is catalyzed by the enzyme chorismate mutase, can be considered as the key step in the biosynthesis of aromatic compounds, that is the so-called shikimic acid pathway. The chair-like transition state geometry 3 was proved by double isotope-labeling experiments [2]. However, in the laboratory this particular reaction can be accelerated not only by enzymes but also by catalytic antibodies [3]. For the generation of such antibodies haptenes such as 4 were used, that is, molecules whose structure is very similar to the transition state of the particular reaction and which are tightly bound by the antibody. 

Experimental Heavy atom, I60/I80, 12c/14c, (H/D2) kinetic isotope effects for the Claisen Rearrangement ... 

Supportive of the suggestion that ionization is not a major pathway in the Claisen rearrangement of the parent compound is the fact that the SDKIEs in aqueous solution are comparable to those in the gas phase and in m-xylene. Furthermore, attempts to solvolyze 1,1-dideuterioaUyl mesylate in aqueous methanol resulted in no ionization to an allyl cation instead, the direct displacement product was formed exclusively. Finally, determinations of a solvent kinetic isotope effect in deuterium oxide resulted in values around unity 10%. ° In the solvolysis reaction of tert-butyl chloride the value is 40% at room temperature. " It is possible to cause allylvinyl ethers to ionize by providing cation stabilizing substituents and Lewis acids or Lewis acidic solvents. ... 

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