Reforming isooctane

Pacheco, M., Sira, J., Kopasz, J. (2003). Reaction kinetics and reactor modelling for fuel processing of liquid hydrocarbons to produce hydrogen isooctane reforming. Appl. Catalysis A General 250,161-175. 

Table 2.19. Rate Expressions Used by Pacheco et al. for Isooctane Reformer Modeling155...

Castaldi, M.J., Lyubovsky, M., LaPierre, R., Pfefferle, W.C., and Roychoudhury, S. Performance of microlith based catalytic reactors for an isooctane reforming system. SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-1366, 2003. 

Autothermal isooctane reforming Tadd et al. [56] Meille et al. [127] (general deposition procedures)... 

Figure 4. Effect of n-secbutylamine on the rate of disappearance of paraffinic species during isooctane reforming.

Comparison of Isooctane Reforming in Plasma Preprocessing and Plasma Postprocessing Configurations of the Combined Plasma-Catalytic System... 

Dahlberg, K.A., and Schwank, J.W. (2010) Influence of thiophene on the isooctane reforming activity of Ni-based catalysts. J. Catal., 271, 140. 

Figure 3.14 Hydrogen yield versus O/C ratio at various S/C ratios for isooctane reforming [71].

Only a few diacvl peroxides see widespread use as initiators of polymerization. The reactions of the diaroyl peroxides (36, R=aryl) will be discussed in terms of the chemistry of BPO (Scheme 3.25). The rate of p-scission of thermally generated benzoyloxy radicals is slow relative to cage escape, consequently, both benzoyloxy and phenyl radicals are important as initiating species. In solution, the only significant cage process is reformation of BPO (ca 4% at 80 °C in isooctane) II"l only minute amounts of phenyl benzoate or biphenyl are formed within the cage. Therefore, in the presence of a reactive substrate (e.g. monomer), tire production of radicals can be almost quantitative (see 3.3.2.1.3). 

Catalyst Development for the Autothermal Reforming of Isooctane and Gasoline in Micro Structures... 

TeGrotenhuis et al. [58] performed a 1 000 h stability test in a micro structured reactor for the steam reforming reaction with a catalyst not specified. A mixture of 74% isooctane, 20% xylene and 5% methylcyclohexane as simulated gasoline was fed to the reactor at a S/C ratio of three and a 650 °C reaction temperature. A regeneration step was performed after 500 h and finally the catalyst converted 97% of the feed. 

Integrated Steam Reformer/Heat Exchanger for Isooctane... 

Figure 2.86 Isooctane steam reformer performance. At constant residence time the hydrogen selectivity is not affecteded by decreasing the S/C ratio while the isooctane conversion is lowered [135] (by courtesy of S. P. Fitzgerald).

Application The Uhde Sleam Active Reforming STAR process produces (a) propylene as feedstock for polypropylene, propylene oxide, cumene, acrylonitrile or other propylene derivatives, and (b) butylenes as feedstock for methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE), alkylate, isooctane, polybutylenes or other butylene derivatives. 

To assess the tolerance of the Sn/Ni surface alloy catalyst to carbon-induced deactivation, the alloy catalysts were tested in steam reforming of methane, propane, and isooctane. The reaction tests were performed in a packed-bed isothermal reactor at close to stoichiometric S/C ratios. The catalyst sample was packed between layers of... 

The Ni/YSZ and Sn/Ni/YSZ catalysts, utilized during the steam reforming of isooctane, were also analyzed with XPS. The Cls XP spectrum for the used Ni/ YSZ catalyst indicates that there are two distinguishable carbon peaks, one at 284.5 eV associated with sp carbon, and the other at 283.1 eV, assigned to metal carbides. The Cls XP spectrum for the Sn/Ni/YSZ shows no significant carbon accumulation. It is interesting to note that the amount of carbon deposited on the Ni/YSZ catalyst was so extensive that no Ni signal was detected i.e., Ni was completely covered by carbonaceous deposits. 

Fig. 13.8 (a) SEM and TEM (inset) images of the Ni f SZ catalyst after isooctane steam reforming, (b) SEM and STEM (inset) images of the Sn/NiAcSZ catalyst after isooctane steam reforming [16]... 

The thermodynamic parameters AH, AG, and equilibrium constant (Keqm) for the steam reforming of isooctane, dodecane, and hexadecane are given in... 

Table 2.14. Thermodynamic Data for the Steam Reforming of Isooctane Iso-C8H18(g) + 8H2Q(g) -+ 17H2(g) + 8CO(g)...

Figure 2.13. Correlation between conversion and rate of H2 formation in steam reforming of isooctane over various monometallic- and bimetallic-supported catalysts. Adapted from Murata et al.142...

Praharso et al.153 also developed an LH type of kinetic model for the steam reforming of isooctane over a Ni-based catalyst. In their model, they assumed that both the hydrocarbon and steam are dissociatively chemisorbed on two different dual sites on the catalyst surface. The bimolecular surface reaction between dissociated adsorbed species was proposed as the RDS. The generalized rate expression they proposed is given in Equation 2.63,... 

Shi et al.154 recently studied the steam reforming of isooctane in a monolithic type reactor simulated by a three-dimensional CFD model. They considered global reactions to represent steam reforming of isooctane, which include steam reforming of isooctane to syngas as expressed in Equation 2.48, WGS reaction as shown in Equation 2.2, and the net reaction by combining these two reactions to produce H2 and C02 as shown in Equation 2.51 ... 

Table 2.18. Activation Energy and Preexponential Factor for the Steam Reforming of Isooctane Used in the Simulation...

The kinetics of partial oxidation, ATR, and dry reforming of liquid hydrocarbons have also been reported recently.103,155 Pacheco et al.155 developed and validated a pseudo-homogeneous mathematical model for the ATR of isooctane and the subsequent WGS reaction, based on the reaction kinetics and intraparticle mass transfer resistance. They regressed the kinetic expressions from the literature for partial oxidation and steam reforming reactions to determine the kinetics parameters for the ATR of isooctane on Pt/ceria catalyst. The rate expressions used in the reformer modeling and the parameters of these rate expressions are given in Tables 2.19 and 2.20, respectively. 

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