Isomerization, barrier for

The lowest 11 pseudo-potential curves are drawn in Fig. 3. These curves can be used to determine, for example, if there is any chance to detect the system in the CNH well following its excitation to a given (vi, V2, V3) state of HCN [14]—that is, if state (vi,V2,V3) lies above or below the isomerization barrier for these values of v and V3. Figure 3 shows that, for HCN CNH, an increase in the... 

FIG. 3 Planar monocyclic, bicycllc and tricyclic C40 ions form fullerene plus C2 when collisionally heated above the isomerization barrier for fullerene formation (see Fig. 2b). All structures shown are minima on the potential energy surface, according to semi-empirical PM3 electronic structure calculations. The bicycllc and tricyclic rings have lower isomerization barriers to fullerene formation than the monocyclic ring. 

Schaefer20 pointed out three major disparities between theory and experiment regarding the C=Si bond. The first concerns the C=Si bond length, the second concerns the isomerization barrier for its rearrangement to the corresponding silylene and the third is the question of the relative stabilities of 40 and of the isomeric silylene H iCH3. Let us discuss first the problem of the geometry. 

The main difficulties associated with constructing the biaryl moiety as a single atropisomer early in the synthesis lies within the arene substitution pattern. The thermal isomerization barrier for a steganone precursor that carries only three ortho substituents is extremely sensitive to the exact identity of those substituents. Specifically, when one of the three groups (e.g., a formyl moiety) adds only a small amount to the inversion barrier and a second substituent (e.g., a methoxy group) is also relatively small, the barrier to inversion renders the biaryl stereochemically labile even at 0 For example, at least one of... 

Figure A3.12.1. Schematic potential energy profiles for tluee types of iinimolecular reactions, (a) Isomerization, (b) Dissociation where there is an energy barrier for reaction in both the forward and reverse directions, (c) Dissociation where the potential energy rises monotonically as for rotational gronnd-state species, so that there is no barrier to the reverse association reaction. (Adapted from [5].)...

The activation barriers for the rearrangement depend on the nature of the TV-substituents and are higher for sulfonyl (S02R) than for acyl (COR) or alkyl groups. The parent system 1 (R = H) does not undergo a clean isomerization, probably due to the thermal instability of the product. 

Most radicals located on double bonds (e.g. 4, 5) or aromatic systems (e.g. 6) are a-radicals. The free spin is located in an orbital orthogonal to the it-bond system and it is not delocalized. The orbital of the vinyl radical (4) containing the free spin can be cis- or trans- with respect to substituents on the double bond. The barrier for isomerization of vinyl radicals can be significant with respect to the rate of reaction. 

Isomerization of ( /Z) isomers is another important transformation. Isomerization of ( ) and (Z-) conjugated amides is effected photochemically " (photo-isomerization " ). There is a rather high energy barrier for the excited state required for (E/Z) isomerization. Isomerization of the C=C units in dienes is also induced photochemically. " Isomerization of cyclic alkenes is more difficult but cyclooctene is isomerized photochemically. " Conjugated aldehydes have been isomerized... 

MeSSMe and inhibited to isomerise by a significantly larger isomerization barrier of 340 kj mol Thus, both H2S=S and Me2S=S are predicted to be kinetically stable toward unimolecular isomerization and should be experimentally observable in the gas phase or after matrix isolation. HF/b-SlG calculations indicate that the allyl analogue has a similar R2S=S/RSSR energy difference but a substantially lower activation barrier (110 kJ mol ) for rearrangement [25]. 

Valence Isomerism. Restricted Rotation and Permutational Isomer i sm. - The variable temperature spectra of bicyclic tetraphosphines (29) has been analysed in terms of valence isomerism involving the corresponding two coordinate open-chain isomers.62 A report on ab initio MO calculations of the inversion barriers for a series of methyl phosphines includes a discussion of the electronic consequences of steric effects.63 Inversion barriers of 1,2-diphosphinobenzenes are in the range 100 - 110 kJ mol". 66 The ring inversion barrier for a dibenzophosphorin has also been measured.63... 

The inversion barrier for syn/anti isomerization of H2Si=NH is only 5.6 kcal mol-1, whereas the internal rotation energy is 37.9 kcal mor1 (SOCI level of calculation). The rotation barrier can be equated to the ir-bond strength. The inversion transition state has an even shorter SiN bond length of 153.2 pm. The symmetry is C2V.9,10... 

With the availability of stable geometric isomers of doubly bonded germanium compounds, experimental determinations of the 7r-bond strength can be made. The enthalpy of activation for double bond isomerization in Mes(Tip)Ge=Ge(Tip)Mes (Tip = 2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl) has been determined for the Z-E conversion, 22.2 . 3 kcal/mol and for the E-Z conversion, 20.0 0.3 kcal/mol.15 These values agree well with recent theoretical estimations.7 The isomerization barrier in germaphos-... 

This apparently moderate aromatic stabilization for the planar borepin (114) should therefore be only a small barrier for isomerization into the 7-borabicyclo[4.1.0]heptadiene system (115) (Eq. 35). 

The predicted small barrier for the isomerization of 24 to 23 is large enough to allow the detection of silanenitrile 24. 

Fig. 1 Free energy reaction coordinate profiles for hydration and isomerization of the alkene [2] through the simple tertiary carbocation [1+], The rate constants for partitioning of [1 ] to form [l]-OSolv and [3] are limited by solvent reorganization (ks = kteorg) and proton transfer (kp), respectively. For simplicity, the solvent reorganization step is not shown for the conversion of [1+] to [3], but the barrier for this step is smaller than the chemical barrier to deprotonation of [1 ] (kTtOTg > kp).

The isomerization barrier of 15.0-20.0 kcal mol-1 (AG ) can be considered to be large enough to allow isolation and characterization of bis(q3-<2 /),A- nms-dodecatrienediyl-Nin stereoisomers of 7b41 as reactive intermediates in the stoichiometric cyclotrimerization process. Furthermore, the trans orientation of the two allylic groups gives rise to an insurmountable barrier for reductive elimination for these cases, which prevents these species from readily leaving the thermodynamic sink via a facile reductive elimination. The isolated intermediates clearly constitute dead-end... 

It was obvious, that the parent carbene 21 should be isolable in an argon matrix at 10 K. The barrier for the isomerization of 21 to imidazole 22 is calculated (B3LYP/6-311G(d,p)) to be rather high (41.5 kcal mol-1).45 Because of the interaction of the nitrogen lone pairs with the empty p-orbital of the car-benic center, carbene 21 should be a singlet molecule (S/T-gap = 81.6 kcal mol-1). 

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