Isolation, photosynthetic reaction

Woodbury, N. W. T., and Parson, W. W., 1984, Nanosecond fluorescence from isolated photosynthetic reaction centers of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 767 345n361. 

Teller A, Rivas JD and Barber J (1991) )3-carotene within the isolated Photosystem-11 reaction center—photooxidation and irreversible bleaching of this chromophore by oxidized Pggo-Biochim Biophys Acta 1060 106-114 Teller A, Bishop SM, Phillips D and Barber J (1994a) Isolated photosynthetic reaction-center ofPhotosystem II as a sensitizer for the formation of singlet oxygen—detection and quantum yield determination using a chemical trapping technique. J Biol Chem 269 13244-13253... 

Michel, H., et al. The "heavy" subunit of the photosynthetic reaction center from Rhodopseudomonas viridis isolation of the gene, nucleotide and amino acid sequence. EMBO J. 4 1667-1672, 1985. 

Van der Rest, M. and Gingras, G. 1974. The pigment complement of the photosynthetic reaction center isolated from Rhodospirillum rubrum. J. Biol. Chem., 249,6446-6453. 

Despite the fact that many heptoses are by far less prominent in Nature than hexoses these monosaccharides are found both as metabolic intermediates, and as structural carbohydrates of bacterial cell walls.D-Sedoheptulose 7-phosphate is an important intermediate of the pentose cycle, and D-sedoheptulose 1,7-bisphosphate is present in plants as an intermediate of the dark phase of photosynthetic reactions. L-Glycero-D-manno-heptose was isolated from the oligosaccharides obtained by partial acid hydrolysis of the lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli K-12 strain W3100 [153] and Haemophilus influenzae [154]. Both L-glycero-D-wtanno-heptose and D-glycero-D-ma o-heptose were isolated from the lipopolysaccharide of Vibrio parahaemolyticus [155]. 

JT Trost and RE Blankenship (1989) Isolation of a photoactive photosynthetic reaction center-core antenna complex from Heliobacillus mobilis. Biochemistry 28 9898-9904... 

In DR Ort and CF Yocum (eds) Oxygenic Photosynthesis. The Light Reactions, pp 213-247. Kluwer R2. M Seibert (1993) Biochemical, biophysical, and structural characterization of the isolated photosystem II reaction center complex. In J Deisenhofer and JR Norris (eds) The photosynthetic Reaction Center, vol 1 319-356 R3. WW Parson and B Ke (1982) Primary photochemical reactions. In Govindjee (ed) Photosynthesis Energy Conversion by Plants and Bacteria, Vol 1, pp 331-385. Acad Press R4. VV Klimov and AA Krasnovsky (1981) Pheophytin as the primary electron acceptor in photosystem 2 reaction centres. Photosynthetica 15 592-609... 

JE Mullet, JJ Burke and CJ Arntzen (1980) Chlorophyll proteins of photosystem I. Plant Physiol 65 814-822 E Lam, W Ortiz, S Mayfield and R Malkin (1984) Isolation and characterization of a light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein complex associated with photosystem I. Plant Physiol 74 650-655 E Lam, W Ortiz and R Malkin (1984) Chlorophyll alb proteins of photosystem I. FEBS Lett 168 10-14 H Michel (1982) 3-dimensional crystals of a membrane protein complex. The photosynthetic reaction center from Rhodopseudomonas viridis. J Mol Biol 158 567-572... 

Michel H and Deisenhofer J (1988) Relevance of the photosynthetic reaction center from purple bacteria to the structure of Photosystem II. Biochemistry 27 1-7 Michel H, Weyer KA, Gruenberg K, Dunger I, Oesterhelt D and Lottspeich F (1986a) The Tight and medium subunits of the photosynthetic reaction centre from Rhodopseudomonas viridis Isolation of the genes, nucleotide and amino acid sequence. EMBOJ5 1149-1158... 

Other Semiconductors.—Kennedy et alf have continued to study FcjOj photoelectrodes, and their most recent work shows that high efficiencies are obtained with Si-doped sintered electrodes. Dare-Edwards et alf have characterized lithium-doped NiO in some detail but, as expected, the very low carrier mobility in this material makes it quite unsuitable for solar energy conversion. Gissler has investigated trigonal Se films, and Davidson and Willsher have given further details of the properties of HgS powder photoanodes. Derivatized tin-oxide electrodes have been prepared by Fox et al.f and Janzen et al. have successfully attached the photosynthetic reaction centre molecule isolated from Rhodopseudomones sphaeroides to tin oxide (see also Section 2). 

French chemists Pierre-Joseph Pelletier (1788-1842) and Joseph-Bienaime Caventou (1795-1877) first isolated chlorophyll in 1817. In 1865, German botanist Julius von Sachs (1832-1897) demonstrated that chlorophyll is responsible for photosynthetic reactions that take place within the cells of leaves. In the early 1900s, Russian chemist Mikhail Tsvett (1872-1920) developed a technique known as chromatography to separate different forms of chlorophyll from each other. In 1929, the German chemist Hans Fischer (1881-... 

More useful mechanistic information is obtained from intramolecular electron-transfer reactions if the kinetics for the electron-transfer step can be isolated from the effects of diffusion. The main stimulus for making such studies is the urge to design systems that mimic some of the essential features of the photosynthetic reaction centre complex and much attention has focussed on the study of porphyrin-based photoactive dyads. Thus, a series of N-alkylporphyrins linked to a quinolinium cation has been synthesized and found to display a rich variety of photoreactions. The singlet excited state of the quinolinium cation operates in both intramolecular energy- and electron-transfer reactions while the excited singlet state of the porphyrin transfers an electron to the appended quinolinium cation. Several new porphyrin-quinone dyads have been studied,including cyclophane-derived systems where the reactants are held in a face-to-face orienta-... 

Proteins that have tightly bound cofactors, such as heme proteins, photosynthetic reaction centers and antenna proteins, flavoproteins, and pyridoxal phosphate- and NAD-dependent enzymes, provide a variety of chromophores which have absorption bands in the visible and UV region. The CD bands associated with the chromophoric groups are frequently quite intense, despite the fact that the isolated chromophores are achiral in many cases, and therefore have no CD, or are separated from the nearest chiral center by several bonds about which relatively free rotation can occur, and therefore have only weak CD. The extrinsic or induced CD observed in the visible and near-UV spectra of the proteins can provide useful information about the conformation and/or environment of the bound chromophore, which usually plays a critical role in the function of the protein. 

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