Irradiation with Protons

The first cyclotron was built by Ernest O. Lawrence in 1932, and since 1938, cyclotrons have been used for patient treatment. In Berkeley, in 1954, the first human target irradiated with protons was the pituitary gland with the aim to suppress its function for slowing down the metastatic development of breast cancer. 

Atomospheric deposition (snow) determination in soluble (chromium(VI)) and particulate (chromium(lll)) part The melted snow filtered through Nucleopore filter the filtrate acidified with HN03 and dried by freeze-drier residue dissolved in HN03 this preconcentrated solution placed in plastic tubes both plastic tube and Nuclepore filter irradiated with protons PIXE 2 pg/L (soluble portion) 26 pg/L (snow particle) No data Jervis et al. 1983 Landsberger et al. 1983... 

Figure 6. Dependence of the concentration of paramagnetic centers N at T = 30 K (full symbols) and of the intensity of thermoluminescence (curves 3,4) on the temperature of annealing of the ZnO single crystal irradiated with protons (E = 7.7 MeV. Tjose lO protons/cm ) 1) F -centers 2) paramagnetic states Lizn" 3 and 4) the intensity of thermoluminescence at A, = 6000 and 7200 A (the excitation hv = 2.6 eV).

D.L. Emerson (1975). Production and annealing studies of lead irradiated with protons or deuterons. Radial. Eff. 24, 89-94. 

FIG. 14.11. Mass yield curves for fission products from uranium irradiated with protons ... 

N-Nitrogen can also be prepared from water targets irradiated with protons. The from a water target has been used to prepare... 

Phosphorus. Silicon. The reaction of PH3 with recoil P atoms (from the irradiation of PH3 with thermal neutrons) yields considerable quantities of PH3 via H abstraction details are given in Section 1.3.1.5.1.5, p. 215. The measured relative efficiency of the H abstraction in irradiated PH3 and PF3 was used to consider the likely reaction mechanism in [65]. A reaction of PH3 (from adding Ca3P2 to the solution) with recoil was also considered in order to explain the formation of 30 10% of when KCl crystals [66] or KCl-CaCl2 mixed crystals [67, 68] were irradiated with protons (635 to 660 MeV) and dissolved in water. The H abstraction between and PH3 might have occurred at the surface of the dissolving crystals however, a formation of PH by secondary reactions was also considered to be conceivable [66 to 68]. 

A CU3AS target irradiated with protons contains both Se and As, formed via As(p,n) Se and As(p,pn) As reactions, respectively. Detailed removal studies as a function of temperature revealed that [ As] AS2O3 is removed at 600° C, whereas for removal of radioselenium, a temperature of about 1,100°C is required. Thus, by a two step thermochro-matographic treatment, it is possible to separate radioselenium from the matrix. 

As discussed under 2.1, the Li(p,n) Be reaction can be used for a simultaneous determination of lithium, when irradiations with protons of 2 different low energies are carried out. 

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