Irradiation effects radiation damage

Lind [2] has defined radiation chemistry as the science of the chemical effects brought about by the absorption of ionizing radiation in matter. It should be distinguished from radiation damage which refers to structural transformation induced by irradiation, particularly in the solid state. The distinction is not always maintained, perhaps unconsciously, and sometimes both effects may be present simultaneously. Following a suggestion of M. Curie around 1910, that ions were responsible for the chemical effects of radioactive radiations, the symbol MjN was introduced to quantify the radiation chemical effect, where M is the number of molecules transformed (created or destroyed) and N is the number of ion pairs formed. Later, Burton [3] and others advocated the notation G for the number of species produced or destroyed per 100 eV (= 1.602 x 10 J) absorption of ionizing radiation. It was purposely defined as a purely experimental quantity independent of implied mechanism or assumed theory. 

Clarification of the role of enzymes and proteins in repair of radiation-damaged cellular DNA and of mechanisms of enzymatic reactions leading to altered nucleotide sequences (Hagen 1990) Reinterpretation of low-level chronic irradiation effects on developing embryos under rigorously controlled conditions (Templeton etal. 1971)... 

Box HC (1977) Radiation effects ESR and ENDOR Analysis. Academic Press, New York Box HC, Budzinski EE (1975) Primary radiation damage in thymidine. J Chem Phys 62 197-199 Box HC, Potter WR, Budzinski EE (1975) The reduction of nucleotides by ionizing radiation Uridine 5 phosphate and cytidine 3 phosphate. J Chem Phys 62 3476-3478 Box HC, Budzinski EE, Freund HG, Evans MS, Patrzyc HB, Wallace JC, Maccubbin AE (1993) Vicinal lesions in X-irradiated DNA Int J Radiat Biol 64 261-263 Box HC, Freund HG, Budzinski EE, Wallace JC, Maccubbin AE (1995) Free radical-induced double base lesions. Radiat Res 141 91-94... 

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