Irish Studies

Kendler KS, O Neill FA, Burke J, Murphy B, Duke F, et al. 1996. Irish study of high-density schizophrenia families Field methods and power to detect linkage. Am J Med Genet B (Neuropsychiatr Genet) 67B 179-190. 

Thiselton DL, Webb BT, Neale BM, Ribble RC, O Neill FA, et al. 2004. No evidence for linkage or association of neuregulin-1 (NRG1) with disease in the Irish study of high-density schizophrenia families (ISHDSF). Mol Psychiatry 9 777-783 image 729. 

Kendler KS, Myers JM, O Neill FA, Martin R, Murphey B, et al. 2000. Clinical features of schizophrenia and linkage to chromosomes5q, 6p, 8p, and lOp in the Irish study of high-density schizophrenia families. Am J Psychiatry 149 ... 

SHAUN RICHARDS is Professor of Irish Studies at Staffordshire University. He is the co-author (with David Cairns) of Writing Ireland Nationalism, Colonialism and Culture (1988) and editor of The Cambridge Companion to Twentieth-Century Irish Drama (2004), and has published widely on Irish drama in major journals and edited collections. 

These observations contrast with some of the results obtained in natural waters. In the experiments where contaminated sediments were equilibrated with Lake Michigan water for a number of days, the Pu(IV) that was on the sediments and was transferred to the water was oxidized to Pu(V), with the oxidation occurring either during or after desorption (15). The studies in the Irish Sea near Windscale show that although no more than 1 percent of the waste effluent stream is oxidized plutonium, approximately 5 percent of the plutonium released leaves the area in the currents of the Irish Sea as oxidized plutonium. Most of the plutonium, therefore, must be oxidized fairly rapidly in sea water. 

Environmental Fate. The environmental fate of americium has been extensively studied in relation to its introduction into the Irish Sea from the BNFL nuclear fuel reprocessing plant at Sellafield, United Kingdom (Belot et al. 1982 Bennett 1976 Bunzl et al. 1994, 1995 Malcolm et al. 1990 McCartney et al. 1994 McKay et al. 1994a Murray et al. 1978, 1979 Pattenden and McKay 1994 Walker et al. 1986). 

Hunt GJ. 1998. Transfer across the human gut of environmental plutonium, americium, cobalt, caesium and technetium Studies with cockles (Cerastoderma edule) from the Irish Sea. J Radiol Prot 18(2) 101-109. 

Truesdale and Smith [80] also carried out a comparative study of the determination of iodate in open ocean, inshore Irish seawaters and waters from the Menai Straits, using the spectrophotometric method (with and without pre-oxidation using iodine water) and also by a polarographic method [82]. 

Allen, J.R. and A. Thompson. 1996. PCBs and organochlorine pesticides in shag (Phalacrocorax aristotelis) eggs from the central Irish Sea a preliminary study. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 32 890-892. 

To understand this question, we must first appreciate how molecules come closer together when applying a pressure. The Irish physical chemist Thomas Andrews (1813-1885) was one of the first to study the behaviour of gases as they liquefy most of his data refer to CO2. In his most famous experiments, he observed liquid C02 at constant pressure, while gradually raising its temperature. He readily discerned a clear meniscus between condensed and gaseous phases in his tube at low temperatures, but the boundary between the phases vanished at temperatures of about 31 °C. Above this temperature, no amount of pressure could bring about liquefaction of the gas. 

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