Andrews, Thomas

Andrews, Thomas (1813-1885) Irish chemist and plysidst in Belfast who did important work on phase transitions between gases and hquids. 

Anaxagoras of Clazomenae (500-428 BC) Gr. phil., existenee results from ordering of seeds by infinite mind (concept of atoms), theory of perspectives Anaximenes of Miletos (588-528 BC) Gr. phil., conceptions of physical rather than moral law governing eosmos Andrews Thomas (1813—1885) Irish chem., critieal temperatures of gases, heat of chem. combustion... 

Andrew W. Thomas (89), School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KYI6 9ST, United Kingdom... 

Professor D Auria (Basilicata University) summarizes the photochemical isomerization of pentaatomic heterocycles, providing a unified description in terms of the five conceivable mechanisms. R. Alan Aitken and Andrew W. Thomas of the University of St. Andrews, Scotland, summarize the substantial recent progress in heterocyclic acyl and formyl anion equivalents. 

Mas is also proudly American. The bartender working on Wednesday, Andrew blunter, curly-headed and all-American, could have been playing John Adams in a college production of 1116. (A server walked by with a black spike Mohawk. He must be playing the natives. It s the West Village, isn t it ) And die ginger daiquiri, which Mr. Hunter developed widi Thomas Wilson, an owner, has Meyer lemon juice in it (as well as Cointreau), a citrus fruit popularized by new American chefs. 

Submitted by Zdenko Majerski and Zdenko HamerSak Checked by Thomas P. Demu and Andrew S. Kende... 

Marvell, Andrew.The works of Andrew Marvell edited by Thomas Cooke. Edited by Thomas Cooke. London E. Curll, 1726. 

Reed Justin A, Andrew C, Halaas HJ, Paul P, Alex R, Thomas MJ, Grieser F (2003) The effects of microgravity on nanoparticle size distributions generated by the ultrasonic reduction of an aqueous gold-chloride solution. Ultrason Sonochem 10(4—5) 285-289... 

Leeson, J.Y., Thomas, A.G., Hall, L.M., Brenzil, C.A., Andrews, T., Brown, K.R. and Van Acker, R.C. (2005). Prairie Weed Surveys of Cereal, Oilseed and Pulse Crops from the 1970s to the 2000s, Weed Survey Series Publication 05-1 (and CD), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon Research Centre, Saskatoon, SK, 395 pp. 

Radon concentrations were measured by use of calibrated Lucas scintillation flasks, while radon and thoron daughters and the resulting potential alpha energy concentration (PAECj were determined using filter samples (Thomas, 1972) and a continuous electrostatic precipitator (Andrews et al., 1984). The radon daughter positive... 

Acknowledgments I am grateful for support from a fellowship of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the exceptional collaborators that make up DART Vanessa Hill Mike Irwin, Pascale Jablonka, Kim Venn, Matthew Shetrone, Amina Helmi, Giuseppina Battaglia, Bruno Letarte, Andrew Cole, Francesca Primas, Patrick Francois, Nobuo Arimoto, Andreas Kaufer, Thomas Szeifert Tom Abel. 

It was only in the 1860s that Thomas Andrews showed the conditions needed for the liquefaction of a gas by establishing the existence of a critical point in the isotherms of C02 (304 K). However, at that time, none knew the critical temperatures of N2, 02 and H2. The year 1877 saw two very different events both important for the future of cryogenics the... 

To understand this question, we must first appreciate how molecules come closer together when applying a pressure. The Irish physical chemist Thomas Andrews (1813-1885) was one of the first to study the behaviour of gases as they liquefy most of his data refer to CO2. In his most famous experiments, he observed liquid C02 at constant pressure, while gradually raising its temperature. He readily discerned a clear meniscus between condensed and gaseous phases in his tube at low temperatures, but the boundary between the phases vanished at temperatures of about 31 °C. Above this temperature, no amount of pressure could bring about liquefaction of the gas. 

The discovery of supercritical fluids occurred in 1879, when Thomas Andrews actually described the supercritical state and used the term critical point. A supercritical fluid is a material above its critical point. It is not a gas, or a liquid, although it is sometimes referred to as a dense gas. It is a separate state of matter defined as all matter by both its temperature and pressure. Designation of common states in liquids, solids and gases, assume standard pressure and temperature conditions, or STP, which is atmospheric pressure and 0°C. Supercritical fluids generally exist at conditions above atmospheric pressure and at an elevated temperature. Figure 16.1 shows the typical phase diagram for carbon dioxide, the most commonly used supercritical fluid [1]. 

Soclow, R., Andrews, C. Berkhout, F. and Thomas, V. (Eds.) (1994). Industrial Ecology and Global Change. Cambridge University Press, UK. 

The author would like to thank Professor Milton Lee of Brigham Yound University for his guidance and thank Dr. Andrew Clausen, Dr. Christopher Welch, Dr. Lili Zhou, and Dr. Thomas Dowling for invaluable conversations and technical expertise. 

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