IR camera

Fig. 9.9 Experimental set-up 1 test module, 2 heater, 3 electrical contact, 4 micro-channel, 5 Pyrex, 6 peristaltic pump, 7 and 8 pressure and temperature measurements, 9 cooler, 10 reservoir, 77 IR camera, 72 microscope, 13 high-speed video camera, 14 PC, 75 synchronizer, 16 video recorder. Reprinted from Peles et al. (2001) with permission...

Internal heat exchange is realized by heat conduction from the microstructured reaction zone to a mini channel heat exchanger, positioned in the rear of the reaction zone [1,3,4], The falling film micro reactor can be equipped, additionally, with an inspection window. This allows a visually check of the quality of film formation and identification of flow misdistribution. Furthermore, photochemical gas/liquid contacting can be carried out, given transparency of the window material for the band range of interest [6], In some cases an inspection window made of silicon was used to allow observation of temperature changes caused by chemical reactions or physical interactions by an IR camera [4, 5]. 

We measured and analyzed the vertical emission from the resonators under pulsed optical pumping. The experimental setup is illustrated in Fig. 12.8a A Ti/sapphire mode-locked laser was used to optically pump the devices at a center wavelength of 980 nm, repetition rate of 76.6 MHz, and pulse duration of approximately 150 fs. A variable attenuator was used to control the pump power. The average pump power and center wavelength were monitored by a wavemeter, through a 50/50 beamsplitter. The pump beam is focused on the back side of the sample with a 50 x objective lens. A 20 x objective lens is used to collect the vertical emission from the sample and to focus it on an IR camera to obtain the NF intensity pattern and to... 

Implementation of the above screening principle requires three main parts a thermosensitive IR camera capable of recording heat emissions of the catalysts contained in the reactor system, the reactor itself as central part and an xyz-posi-tionable sampling capillary, connected to the second analytical tool (MS or GC, etc.) (Fig. 2.4). To simplify matters, a reactor with a 4x4 matrix of reaction channels is illustrated here, the actual reactor formats used at hte Aktiengesellschaft are 96- and 192-fold reactor systems based on the 8xl2-MTP (micro-titer plate) matrix. 

Fig. 2.8 (a) and (b) are thermographic pictures, recorded with the IR camera above the reactor system (Fig. 2.4) under typical reaction conditions 1% hydrocarbon in synthetic air, 375 °C and GHSV 3000 h 1. The thermogram is emissivity corrected for these conditions. The homogeneous temperature distribution of the reactor temperature (375 °C, black surface background in Fig. 2.8) is evident Each deviation from a homogeneous temperature distribution would result in colour gradients in Fig. 2.8. The result of several measurements with thermocouples around the catalyst positions of the reactor system support the finding recorded via I R-thermography on the reactor surface. The maximal temperature deviation found is below 1 °C.

Figure 7.3 Layout of an SI unit based on an ImSpector (Speclm, SF) imaging spectrograph A near-IR camera with two-dimensional-InGaAs chip (e), B ImSpector with line aperture (b), transfer optics (c) and PGP spectral analyser component (d) C view optics D sample plane with observation line (a). Reproduced with permission from Speclm after an optical rendering.

Flow measurement has been achieved without the use of beads or dyes. A short heating pulse generated by a C02 infrared laser (10.6 pm) was delivered through the IR-transparent Si wafer into the channel. The radiative image of the hot liquid plug was recorded by an IR camera [414]. 

Reetz and coworkers tested catalysts for different reactions such as enantiose-lective acylation of a chiral secondary alcohol by lipases, the enantioselective ring opening of epoxides to non-racemic diols, and metathesis reactions [11, 12]. The two first examples are exothermic reactions and catalyst activity is revealed by hot spots in the IR image. The catalytic performance found by use of time-resolved IR-thermography correlated well with already known activity of the tested catalysts [11]. The metathesis reaction is particularly interesting, because it is the first example of the monitoring of endothermic reactions by means of an IR camera [12]. 

Taylor and Morken extended the use of IR-thermography to the monitoring of the change in the heat of reaction on and in the surroundings of a bead carrying an active catalyst (Figure 5.4.4) [13]. In a search for acylation catalysts an encoded library of 3150 different potential nucleophilic catalysts was prepared by the split-and-mix procedure and tested for their acylation properties. The library beads were spread in a reaction solution of chloroform-ethanol-triethylamine-acetic anhydride, 40 6 6 3, and monitored with an IR camera. Whereas no detectable thermal... 

Passive FPAs are perhaps the most familiar imaging system architecture because this architecture is used for most optical and IR cameras. In this configuration, an array of small detectors is placed at the focal plane of a lens or reflector system. The received energy in this case is derived from thermal (black-body) emission or reflected radiation from the scene. Thermal emission near room temperature peaks in the long-wave IR... 

The pyroelectric response of ferroelectrics may be exploited to detect tem-peratnre changes with extremely high sensitivity. The most common devices are nncooled infrared (IR) detectors, which may be used for spectroscopic analysis as well as imaging apphcations. Pyroelectric thin films based on perovskite-type complex oxides, including Pb(Sc,Ta)03 have been deposited by CSD for intruder alarms, gas sensors, and IR cameras. It is anticipated that these thin-film devices will be substantially less expensive to manufacture than existing bulk polycrystaUine devices, which require labor-intensive manufacturing procedures. 

The temperature of the plate can be measured by IR camera, and the tenq)erature evolution during product application can be followed when taking into account the emissivity change due to product deposit. An ultra-rapid camera can survey the drop impact at the same time. The amount of product transferred can be determined by weight difference of the small metal plate before and after the application. 

The result of the product transfer evaluation is supported by the temperature evolution measurement by IR camera during the product application (Table 4). 

Acknowledgment The authors would like to thank Jean-Yves Martin from the Rhodia Research center Lyon for his help in taking ultra-rapid camera pictures and making IR camera evaluations. 

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