Ionic strength influence

The ionic strength also plays an important role in the IPN swelling behavior. We have investigated the ionic strength influence on the swelling... 

Ionic strength influences are well known with respect to the rate and energetics of nucleic acid hybridization [17]. Charge and ionic radius are both important in terms of stabilizing the structure of the duplex as well as stabilizing the stem portion of the molecular beacon [17]. The stem structure stability was increased when a divalent cation was incorporated into the hybridization buffer solution [17]. It was reported that cations were best at stabilizing the duplex formed upon hybridization in the order Ca2+ > Mg2+ K+ > Na+. The ultimate detection limit of the sensor configuration was calculated to be 1.1 nM [17]. 

Due to their polyanionic nature, ASOs are extremely water-soluble under neutral and basic conditions. Consequently, dmg-product concentrations are often only limited by an increase in solution viscosity at very high concentrations (e.g. >300 mg/mL) [3]. Not surprisingly, extremes of pH and ionic strength influence the apparent solubility. In acidic environments such as the stomach, inter-nucleotide linkages are partially neutralized by protonation. With this consequent decrease in their polyanionic status there is a marked decrease in oligonucleotide solubility, an event that can be easily reversed by raising the pH. 

DEAE dextran contains three basic groups with different pKa values (Fig. 45). One (2-(diethylamino)ethyl, A) consists of a tertiary amino group with a pfCa of 9.5. The other two moieties are (2-[[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]-diethylammonium]ethyl, B) a tertiary amino group with a pKa of 5.7, and the strong basic quaternary ammonium group with a pJCa of 14 [242,243]. The pH value and ionic strength influences the dissociation behaviour and the conformational change of DEAE dextran. 

The electrolyte added to the carrier liquid (or more exactly the ionic strength) influences the zeta potential of the colloidal particles and thus... 

Buffered eluents are important for the separation of ionic solutes because they maintain a constant desired pH. Very often, only a defined and constant pH (therefore a buffer) will allow the desired selectivity and reproducibility. So far, so good. Sometimes, you adopt a method with 5 mM salt in the mobile phase, while the next method uses 100 mM or even 150 mM solutions. Sometimes you simply do not know, as in the following example Weigh out jr mg of salt X and add y ml of acid Y or base Z How critical is the ionic strength and how does the ionic. strength influence the separation and column lifetime ... 

The gum Arabic type, pH, and ionic strength influence the viscosity of solution in water. Maximum viscosity is achieved between pH 6 and 7. 

For block copolymers comprising ionic hydrophilic blocks one has, in addition to the parameters discussed in the previous section, several new parameters that influence the micelle characteristics. Here, we focus on how these new parameters, i.e., the charge density in the corona and the ionic strength influence the micelle characteristics. In this section we therefore focus on a given molecular composition and we opt for a symmetric case, 200 200, and fixed the values for the excluded-volume interactions parameters xbs = XNaB = Xcib = Ztb = 1 -5 and Xas = Xnos = Xcis = 0. Hence, we choose for the scenario that the ions have similar excluded-volume interactions with the polymer segments as the solvent. Note that in practice ions might have some specific affinity for either the core or the coronal blocks, and this situation could be also addressed in frames of the SF-SCF model. 

There is an increasing need for DNA to have a greater degree of conformational freedom on a surface. Thomson et al. [64] found that both pH and ionic strength influenced the degree of DNA immobilisation, allowing us to... 

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