Ionic free energies of transfer

Recently reference electrolytes have been used to estimate medium effects. The assumption is based on a simple picture, Le., the ionic free energies of transfer of an uni-univalent electrolyte which is composed of large ions of equal size and similar surface, are the same for cation and anion. A reference electrolyte was used for the first time by Grunwald et al. namely, tetraphenylphosphonium-tetraphenyl-... 

The quantitative theory of ionic reactions, within the limitations of a continuum model of the solvent, is based on the Bom equation for the electrostatic free energy of transfer of an ion from a medium of e = 1 to the solvent of dielectric constant... 

Ionic Micelle Formation. Even for ionic micelle formation, the free energy of transfer of one methylene group to a micelle should have a value similar to those for nonionic and zwitterionic micelle formation. The... 

COMPARISON OF FREE ENERGIES OF TRANSFER (ON THE MOLAR SCALE) FROM METHANOL TO WATER OF TRANSITION STATES WITH SOME NON-POLAR AND IONIC... 

Alot of information about the free energies of transfer of single ions between pure solvents has been accumulated. Less numerous are determinations in mixed solvents, and the ionic enthalpies of transfer and entropies of transfer as function of mole fraction are known as an exception only. In Table 1 ions and solvent mixtures are listed for which free energies of transfer and some other thermodynamic quantities have been determined. 

The ions in the unsolvated form Iqo are used in the following as a reference to compare the free energies of solvation of I in various media and to derive free energies of transfer. The contribution of Iqo eliminated in the following and is later on replaced by which refers only to solvated ionic species. 

AGt° is the standard Gibbs free energy of transfer of the ionic surfactant between water and the solvent s AG °mlc is the same quantity defined between a micelle in water and in solvent s. 

Zhou, Y. Q., Stell, G., and Friedman, H. L., Note on standard free energy of transfer and partitioning of ionic species between two fluid phases. J. Chem. Phys. 89, 3836-3839 (1988). 

Non-aqueous Solvation.—Structural radii and electron-cloud radii, together with lattice enthalpies and enthalpies of solvation of ionic crystals, have been reviewed.84 The free energies of transfer, AGtr(K+), of potassium ions from water to 14 non-aqueous solvents have been reported, and they were derived from measurements in an electrochemical cell assumed to have a negligible liquid-junction potential. The essentially electrostatic nature of its solvation allows K+ to be used as a model for non-specific solvent-ion interactions. A... 

Rodnguez O, Madeira PP, Macedo EA (2008) Gibbs free energy of transfer of a methylene group in buffer ionic hquid biphasic systems. Ind Eng Chem Res 47 5165-5168... 

In nonionic surfactants generally, the efficiency of adsorption is much greater than in ionic surfactants with the same number of carbon atoms in the hydrophobic group. This is because in the adsorption of ionic surfactants, electrical repulsion between the ionic heads of surfactant ions already at the interface and the similarly charged oncoming surfactant ions increases the positive free energy of transfer of the hydrophilic head from the interior of the bulk phase to the interface. 

Free Energies of Transfer (in kcal mol of HCl and KCl from Water to Pure Methanol at 25" C (Data Obtained by Summing the Individual Ionic Contributions)... 

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