Ionic condensation

Fig. 1 Diagrams depicting a a layer of a cubic sodium chloride crystal b a monoclinic 1,3-dimethylimidazolium chloride ionic-liquid crystal c two radial distribution functions (RDFs) in liquid l-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate. Anions and cations are depicted in red and blue. In the cases of b and c the blue circles represent the centroid of the imidazolium rings of the cations. The alternating sequences of red and blue circles in a and b as well as the two curves in phase opposition in c clearly indicate the existence and nature of the polar networks in ionic condensed phases...

Belloni L. Ionic Condensation and Charge Renormalization in Colloidal Suspensions. Colloids and Surfaces 1998 A140 227. 

Belloni L. Ionic condensation and charge renormalization in colloidal suspensions. Colloids and Surfaces A 1998 140 227-243. 

Field [276] in 1961 proposed that the ionic condensation of ethylene proceeds through reactions of undissociated intermediate complexes as follows... 

Lipid-based carriers, polycationic lipids, polylysine, polyornithine, histones and other chromosomal proteins, hydrogel polymers, all of which can ionically condense DNA and bind to the cell surface are found to be ideal candidates for these vector type. But in the use of different types of cationic liposomes, cationic polymers and dendrimers as non-viral vectors for delivery of genes, it has been observed that in addition to cytotoxicity, these carriers do not lead to satisfactory amount of gene expression in the cells. The reasons are many, particularly, low endosomal escape, no protection of DNA from nuclease... 

Coating of the already formed emulsion is accomplished by creating suspension conditions at the boundary of supersaturation of calcium and phosphate ions, and then controlling the rate of mineral precipitation via tiny and repeated excursions into the supersaturation range. These excursions can be made by smaU concentration or pH changes. A model for the seeded growth of calcium phosphate atop stable emulsion particles via ionic condensation at constant temperature was developed. 

Using the aforementioned methods, retrievable nanoreactors (as shown in Fig. 15.1) can be prepared at relatively high concentrations (> 10 particles per mL), but due to the nature of ionic condensation of calcium and phosphate, the system is significantly diluted prior to coating in order to avoid end products with multiple perfluorocarbon cores fused together, or the formation of solid inorganic precipitates. 

Ionic Condensation, Charge Renormalization, Effective Charge... 

It is summarized that the principal ionic condensation reaction can be occurred by the reaction sequence... 

Studies on the non-enzymatic browning of carbohydrates and amino acids evidenced that, besides ionic condensation reactions (3,4), also mechanisms involving free radical formation produce browning compounds in the Maillard reaction (5-7). Because radicals have been detected in model melanoidins (8,9), similar reactions might be involved in the formation of melanoidins during thermal food processing. 

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