Ionic atmosphere number

According to the definition of k, i.e., equation (12), the thickness of the ionic atmosphere will depend on the number of ions of each kind present in unit volume and on their valence. If c is the concentration of the ions of the ith kind expressed in moles (gram-ions) per liter, then... 

Although the importance of the ionic strength was first realized from empirical considerations, it is now known to play an important part in the theory of electrolytes. It will be observed that equation (12) on page 83, which gives the reciprocal of the thickness of the ionic atmosphere according to the theory of Debye and Hiickel, contains the quantity where n is the number of ions of the zth kind in unit volume... 

Haissinski (1951) believes (ii) to be the most important of these, the change of charge number being effected within the ionic atmosphere ... 

This gives the probability of finding an ion of the ionic atmosphere in a given small region lying at a distance r from the central reference j ion at the origin. It is often written in the more explicit form g r 12). Here the superscript represents the number of species involved, here the central reference ion, ion 1, and the ion in the ionic atmosphere, ion 2, and the bracket lists the distances on which the probability depends. Since only two ions are considered explicitly, then there can only be one distance to specify, i.e. the distance between the two ions, ri2- These probabilities are calculated for aU conceivable ru values of a central reference ion and an ion of the ionic atmosphere, and this allows the g to be found for each value of ri2. 

The solubilizing effect of the TMA+ ion may be explained as follows The TMA+ ions displaced some metal ions from the ionic atmosphere of the macroion, and, as a result, the number of bound metal ions was reduced. Any condensed (10) TMA+ ions were bound more weakly than the metal ions they displaced, and their effect on the solvent incompatibility of the macroion was much smaller. 

Since the electronic conductivity of nanocrystalline ScSZ becomes significant in reducing atmosphere (Fig.3), its contribution to the electrical transport should be considered. This can be discussed based on the dependence of the ionic transference number, t,- = cr,- / (oxygen activity. Such information is important for the development of ScSZ solid electrolyte for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells. Figure 4 presents the relationship between the ionic transference number and oxygen activity, which has been determined based on the presented conductivity measurements and the defect model [13]. 

It is expected that a similar physical picture also holds for interacting PE stars. At distances between core domains 2d > 2R, the star coronae would start to contract due to the overlap of ionic atmospheres. As a result, the stars would become asymmetric and remain separated by a water layer in a range of distances 2d < 2R. The long-range interactions due to the overlap of ionic atmospheres are essential for PE stars with a moderate number of arms (typical for experimental systems), and at low ionic strength in the solution [27],... 

In order to calculate Pi(H) from Eqs. (V1.27) and (VI.28), we need to know the thickness of the ionic atmosphere, which for a binary univalent electrolyte (KCl, NaCl) can be calculated by the use of Eq. (V1.25) with z = 2. Then, after we have expressed the electrolyte concentration as C/ = rii/N (where N is the total number of ions in unit volume of electrolyte), we obtain... 

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