Inventions categories

Synthesis methods can be classified in many different ways. The categories chosen herein are combinatorial, heuristic, inventive, and evolutionary. 

This chapter is devoted to a miscellaneous group of aqueous acid-base cements that do not fit into other categories. There are numerous cements in this group. Although many are of little practical interest, some are of theoretical interest, while others have considerable potential as sustained-release devices and biomedical materials. Deserving of special mention as biomedical materials of the future are the recently invented polyelectrolyte cements based on poly(vinylphosphonic adds), which are related both to the orthophosphoric acid and poly(alkenoic add) cements. 

The most important example of this category is Raney nickel, which is extensively used in hydrogenation reactions in fine chemistry. The catalyst has been named after Murray Raney who invented this catalyst in 1924. It is prepared by the reaction of a powdered nickel-aluminium alloy with aqueous sodium hydroxide to selectively remove a large fraction of the aluminium component (.see Figure 3.12). The product consists of porous nickel with a high... 

Patent medicine industry, 78 683 Patent office gazettes, printed, 78 210-211 Patent portfolio auditing, 78 185 compiling, 78 157 Patent protection, foreign, 78 191 Patent research, in fine chemical research and development, 77 425-426 Patents, 5 766 78 157-197. See also Foreign patents Invention Patentability Trade secrets article of manufacture category in, 78 166... 

In a follow-on study, Silberston categorized three groups of industries for when patents are essential, very important or less important on the basis of both survey responses and objective analyses (patent and R D intensity). He concluded that, "The first category consists of one industry only, pharmaceuticals." Edwin Mansfield surveyed the R D director of 100 U.S. corporations on what fraction of the inventions they introduce, between 1981 and 1983 would not have been developed without patent protection. For pharmaceuticals, the value was 60%, while the average across all industries was 14%. ... 

Also, vendors may invent their own new chemical treatment categories. 

Level five. A rare scientific discovery or pioneering invention of essentially a new system. About 1 % of the solutions fell into this category. 

In principle (38), the Section 103 requirement of unobviousness is no different in chemical cases than with respect to other categories of patent-able inventions. ... 

These sections have particular significance to the drafter of specifications of chemical and metallurgical patents because, following the statute, they enumerate those categories of inventions in which chemical and metallurgical patents are contained—namely, processes, compositions of matter, and uses. 

We have now seen what the categories are for patentable inventions and which contain those patents which relate to chemistry and metallurgy. Let us suppose then, that as an inventor, you carefully follow the provisions of Rule 71, and the Patent Office approves your specification as to form, and after a thorough search of the art, finds your invention to be novel, do you then get the patent The answer is not necessarily, because you still must surmount the hurdle provided by Section 103 of the patent statutes, which reads in part as follows ... 

The situation was not much different for the witnesses, who were interrogated even before the trial began. Without being expressly told each time, they knew very well that their only choice was between acting as a witness for the prosecution, or as defendant in their own right in a subsequent trial. For those witnesses who were likely to break down under cross-examination by the defense -and this category included most of them - the Allies invented the affidavit . 

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