Inulin ethers

Etherification of inulin with O-carboxymethyl groups forms a polycarboxylate (Chien et al., 1979) that can be further modified to facilitate its conjugation with erythrocytes for immunological assays. Even with an excess of monochloroacetate, products with a degree of substitution of only about 

To enhance the drug carrier properties of inulin, it has been reacted with epichlorohydrin, the product of which is highly reactive and couples readily with substances containing amino groups (Schacht et al., 1984). The 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl derivative (9) of inulin is formed in reaction with epichlorohydrin. Likewise, an allyl bromide derivative (10) can be prepared using sodium hydroxide as a catalyst (Tomecko and Adams, 1923). 

Inulin etherification products have utility in cosmetics or pharmaceuticals as carriers for water-insoluble substances or to stabilize aqueous solutions of compounds with low water solubility. They may also be used as emulsifiers or as an additive in textiles and paper and as softeners of thermoplastic polymers (Kunz and Begli, 1995). 

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FIGURE 5.6 Synthesis of inulin ethers, dialdehyde-inulin, inulin carbamates, and inulin coupled to amino acids. 

Butenediol Succinic acid Lactic acid Inulin esters O-Succinoylated inulin Methylated inulin Inulin carbonates 0-(Carboxymethyl)inulin Inulin ethers Dialdehyde inulin Inulin carbamates Inulin-amino acids 0-(Cyanoethyl)inulin... 

Ethylcellulose or Eudra-git RS with galactoman-nans, p-cyclodextrin, glassy amylose, inulin Cellulose ethers, Eudragit sustained-release coatings... 

Inulin nitrate is insol in w, eth, ethyl and methyl ale, toluene and carbon tetrachloride, but dissolves in acetone, ether ale mixt, coned H2S04, ethyl acetate etc. It does not crystallize from solutions but forms a film... 

Taraxacum officinale G. H. Weber ex Wigg. Western Pu Gong Ying (Dandelion) (root) Inulin, essential oils, choline, hydroxycinnamic acids, carotenes, ether oils, monoterpene, oxalic acids, hydrocyanic acids, sesquiterpene glucosides, flavonoids, hydroxybenzoic acid, coumarins, anthocyanidines, anthraquinones, phytosterines, squalene, cerylic alcohol, arabinose, vitamins , , C.88-222-450 Sudorific, stomachic, tonic, a remedy for sores, boils, ulcers, abscesses, snakebites. 

Fuller s earth (hydrated aluminosilicate) Magnesium oxide Charcoal Alumina Magnesium trisilicate Silica gel Calcium hydroxide Magnesium carbonate Calcium phosphate Calcium carbonate Sodium carbonate Talc Inulin Sucrose = starch Petroleum ether, b 40-60°- Petroleum ether, b 60-80°. Carbon tetrachloride. Cyclohexane. Benzene. Ethyl ether. Chloroform. Ethyl acetate. Acetone. Ethanol. Methanol. Pyridine. Acetic acid. 

Most polysaccharides are insoluble or sparingly soluble in cold water, insoluble in cold alcohol and ether, and rarely possess melting points. Only inulin melts at about 178° (dec.) after drying at 130°. 

Cane sugar, milk sugar, Melezitose, Melitose, Parasacchrose, and Trehalose Starch, Inuline, Glycogen, Dextrine, and Arabin all contain the asymmetric carbon atom that was present in the previous compounds inasmuch as they are compound ethers of the previous compounds. 

John described the red colouring matter of cochineal, soluble in water, alcohol, and ether, and forming lakes, and called it cochenilin . It was further investigated by Pelletier and Caventou, Pelletier, F. Preisser, Warren de la Rue (who called it carminic acid), and Schutzenberger. For the starchy constituent of elcampane root John proposed the name helenin, or perhaps better inulin. ... 

The most suitable adsorptive materials were precipitated calcium carbonate, inulin, or sucrose (powdered). If the petroleum ether chlorophyll solution was then shaken with the adsorptive material, the latter carried down the pigment, and with a certain excess of this, only the carotene remained in solution, escaping adsorption. In this way a green precipitate and a pure yellow, fluorescence-free carotene solution were obtained (test for fluorescence in my luminoscope [Zeitschrift fur physikcdische Chemie (1901) 36, S. 450 Diese Berichte (1906) 24, S. 234]). This carotene solution showed a spectrum with absorption bands at 492-475 and 460-445 nm. If it was shaken with 80 % alcohol, the lower alcohol-water phase remained completely colorless. 

Pectin, amylose, dextran and inulin provide coatings that degrade by enzymes of colonic flora. These polysaccharides are commonly combined with cellulose ethers or esters or synthetic polymers to obtain biphasic release profiles or colon-specific release [29-31]. Drugs conjugated to dextran (linear polymer backbone of a-D-glucopyranose units) show enhanced stability in the upper part of the gastrointestinal tract, but they can be absorbed in the colon [32]. 

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