Introduction to liquids

Fluid substances must be composed Of smooth and rounded particles. Poppy seeds Might serve as an example, being round And small and smooth, mercurial as drops Of water, almost never held together... 

Lucretius (c. 99-c. 55 bce The way things are translated by Rolfe Humphries, Indiana University Press, 1968. 

This chapter introduces the reader to basic concepts in the theory of classical liquids. It should be emphasized that the theory itself is general and can be applied to classical solids and gases as well, as exemplified by the derivation of the virial expansion is Section 5.6 below. We shall limit ourselves only to concepts and methods needed for the rest of our discussion of dynamical processes in such enviromnents. 

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Prokhorenko P.P., Migoun N.P. Introduction To Liquid Penetrant Testing Theory,... 

Collings P J and Hird M 1997 Introduction to Liquid Crystals (London Taylor and Franois)... 

Marcus, Y. "Introduction to Liquid State Chemistry Wiley-lnterscience New York, 1977 ... 

General reviews of the structure and properties of liquid crystals can be found in the following G. H. Brown, J. W. Doane, and V. D. Neff. "A Review of the Structure and Physical Properties of Liquid Crystals." CRC Press, Cleveland, Ohio, 1971 P. J. Collings and M. Hind, Introduction to Liquid Crystals. Nature s Delicate Phase of Matter," Taylor and Francis, Inc., Bristol. Pennsylvania, 1997 P. J. Collins, "Liquid Crystals. Nature s Delicate Phase of Matter," Princeton University Press. Princeton. New Jersey, 1990. A thermodynamic description of the phase properties of liquid crystals can be found in S. Kumar, editor, "Liquid Crystals in the Nineties and Beyond, World Scientific, Riven Edge, New Jersey, 1995. 

In our discussion of (vapor + liquid) phase equilibria to date, we have limited our description to near-ideal mixtures. As we saw in Chapter 6, positive and negative deviations from ideal solution behavior are common. Extreme deviations result in azeotropy, and sometimes to (liquid -I- liquid) phase equilibrium. A variety of critical loci can occur involving a combination of (vapor + liquid) and (liquid -I- liquid) phase equilibria, but we will limit further discussion in this chapter to an introduction to (liquid + liquid) phase equilibria and reserve more detailed discussion of what we designate as (fluid + fluid) equilibria to advanced texts. 

Collings PJ, Hird M (1997) Introduction to liquid crystals. Taylor and Francis, London... 

Wojtowicz PJ (1974) In Priestly EB, Wojtowicz PJ, Sheng P (eds) Introduction to liquid crystals, chap 7. Plenum, New York... 

It is the author s view that a chapter such as this needs some sort of context and needs to be self-contained. From this point of view, it will begin with a general introduction to liquid crystals themselves and will then introduce hydrogen-bonded liquid crystals in order to provide some context. The introduction to liquid crystals will not be referenced or illustrated heavily, so those readers requiring more information are directed to reference [1]. 

J. Wilks, D.S. Betts An Introduction to Liquid Helium, Clarendon, Oxford (1987)... 

P. J. Codings and M. Hird, Introduction to Liquid Crystals, Taylor Francis, London, 1997. 

C. Croxton, An Introduction to Liquid State Physics, Wiley, London, 1975. 

Marcus, Y. The Properties of Solvents, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, 1998. Marcus, Y. Introduction to Liquid State Chemistry, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, 1977 204-207. 

For an introduction to liquid crystals see P. J. Collings, Tiquid Crystals Nature s Delicate Phase of Matter, Princeton Science Library, Princeton, N. J., 1990. 

Marcus, Y. Introduction to Liquid State Chemistry, Wiley Sons, New York,... 

Liquid Crystals Liquid-crystal phases may occur between the solid and the liquid phase. Cholesteryl myristate, for example, exists in a liquid-crystal phase between 71 and 85°C [6]. The appearance of liquid-crystal phases depends on the molecular structure. Compounds with elongated structures that are fairly rigid in the central part of the molecule are likely candidates for liquid crystals. The homologous series of p-alkoxybenzylidene-p-n-butylanilines is just one example for compounds with liquid-crystal phases. An excellent introduction to liquid crystals and their properties has been written by Collings [6]. 

Collyer AA, "Introduction to Liquid Crystal Polymers" in Acierno D and Collyer AA (Eds) "Rheology and Processing of Liquid Crystal Polymers", Chapmann Hall, London, 1996, Chap. 1. 

A. Dyer, Introduction to Liquid Scintillation Counting , Heyden, London, 1974. 

J. Wilks, and D. S. Betts, An Introduction to Liquid Helium, Oxford University Press, 2nd v ed., 1988. 

P. J. Collings and M. Hird, Introduction to Liquid Crystals Chemistry and Physics, esp. pp. 23-27, 223-33, 245-50, 271-76, Taylor Francis, London (1997). See also http //en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/liquid crystal and http //plc.cwru.edu/. 

A. A Brief Introduction to Liquid Crystals Liquid-Crystalline Metal Complexes of Alkoxystilbazoles... 

The greatest amount of work we have carried out with alkoxystil-bazoles is in the field of liquid crystals indeed, this is where our interest in stilbazoles started. After a brief and rather general introduction to liquid crystals, we will consider various types of complex that form liquid-crystal mesophases when complexed to stilbazoles, emphasizing patterns of behavior without delving into the subtleties. A more detailed discussion of the silver systems may be found elsewhere 24). Finally, although this article appears in a series that concentrates on inorganic chemistry, we offer an overview of some of our work with stilbazoles in hydrogen-bonded liquid crystals. 

Simpson, C.F. An introduction to liquid chromatography and some fundamental relations. In Techniques in Liquid Chromatography Simpson, C.F., Ed. Wiley New York, 1982 1-29. 

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