Intracranial classification

Abciximab in Ischemic Stroke Investigators (2000) Abciximab in acute ischemic stroke a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation study. Stroke 31 601-609 Albers GW, Clark WM (1999) For the ATLANTIS Study Investigators. The ATLANTIS rt-PA (Alteplase) acute stroke trial final results. Cerebrovasc Dis 9 126 Alexandrov AV, Burgin WS, Demchuk AM, El-Mitwalli A, Grotta JC (2001) Speed of intracranial clot lysis with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator therapy sonographic classification and short-term improvement. Circulation 103 2897-2902... 

Unknown classification of optic neuritis, intracranial hypertension. 

Houdart E, Gobin YP, Casasco A, Aymard A, Herbreteau D, Merland JJ (1993) A proposed angiographic classification of intracranial arterio-venous fistulae and malformations. Neuroradioly 35 381-385... 

Table 4.3. Classification of intracranial dural arteriovenous malformations (DAVMs) in relation to venous drainage pattern...

Venous drainage pattern intracranial DAVM Site of shunt Venous outflow See Figure 4.13 Classification Djindjan Cognard Bordcn... 

Cromwell LD, Kerber CW (1979) Modification of cyanoacrylate for therapeutic embolization preliminary experience. AJR Am J Roentgenol 132 799-801 Davies MA, Ter Brugge K, Willinsky R et al (1996) The validity of classification for the clinical presentation of intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas. J Neurosurg 85 830-837... 

Classification of intracranial aneurysms may be based on morphology, size, location and etiology. The majority of intracranial aneurysms are true aneurysms containing all layers or components of the normal vessel wall. In contrast, in false aneurysms or pseudoaneurysms, the vascular lumen does not enlarge, although the external diameter of the abnormal segment may be increased. These aneurysms are rare within the skull. 

Sindou M, AcevedoJC, TurjmanF( 1998) Aneurysmal remnants after microsurgical clipping classification and results from a prospective angiographic study (in a consecutive series of 305 operated intracranial aneurysms). Acta Neurochir (Wien) 140 1153-1159 Sluzewski M, van Rooij WJ, Beute GN, Nijssen PC (2006) Balloon-assisted coil embolization of intracranial an-... 

The editors focus on intracranial vascular malformations and aneurysms which, together, comprise a major proportion of the bread earned by the neurointerventional-ist. The book not only deals excellently with interventional procedures, but also illuminates underlying pathological changes, different classification schemes, indications for endovascular therapy and relevant studies that have been conducted in this field. 

Although the GCS excels as a rmiversal tool for TBI classification because of its simplicity, reproducibility, and prognostic power, its use may sometimes be limited by clinical confounders, such as anesthesia, sedation, paralysis, and coexishng intoxication. These confounding factors are especially prominent in patients with a low GCS score (Stocchetti et al., 2004). Hence, CT-based scoring systems are somehmes used by neurotrauma centers for a more objechve classificahon on TBI. These include the Marshall scale, which has been shown to be accurate in predicting risks of increased intracranial pressure (ICP) but lacks reproducibility in cases of multiple brain injuries (Marshall et al., 1992), and the Rotterdam scale, which was developed more recently to overcome the limitations of the Marshall scale but still lacks validation in large populations (Maas et al., 2005). The details of these scales are beyond the scope of this chapter. 

Advances E.-O. Backlund Stereotactic Radiosurgery in Intracranial Tumors and Vascular Malformations. — J. Klastersky, L. Kahan-Coppens, and J. Brihaye Infection in Neurosurgery. — C. Gros Spasticity-Clinical Classification and Surgical Treatment. 

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