Intra-framework

Fig. 15. Analysis of extra- and intra-framework Ti in Ti silicalites. Left column Ti 2p, right column O Is. r23 (r50) - Si/Ti ratio in precursor gel - 23 (50) samples calcined (r23, r50) and acid leached (r50a). Taken from Grohmann I, Pilz W, Walther G, Kosshck H, Tuan VA (1994) Surf Interface Anal 22 403, with kind permission from Wiley, Chichester...

Recently, it has been shown that intra-framework V in V-silicalite can be discriminated from intra-zeoUte vanadiiun oxide clusters and even from ions exchanged into Na-ZSM-5 by its particularly high V 2p3,2 BE [106, 141]. Prerequisite for such analysis of weak V signals is a careful treatment of the X-ray sateUites at the O Is hne, which mask the weak V 2p doublet. Problems with this superposition maybe the reason for earUer reports of low V 2p BE for intra-zeohte vanadium [149]. 

Several groups found that intra-framework Fe(lII) exhibits Fe 2p binding energies higher than Fe203 as well, although the situation is comphcated as... 

With these features in mind, we envisioned a new family of macrocyclic ligands for olefin polymerization catalysis (Fig. 9) [131, 132], We utilized macrocycles as the ligand framework and installed the catalytic metal center in the core of the macrocycles. Appropriate intra-annular binding sites are introduced into cyclophane framework that not only match the coordination geometry of a chosen metal but also provide the appropriate electronic donation to metal center. The cyclophane framework would provide a microenvironment to shield the catalytic center from all angles, but leaving two cis coordination sites open in the front one for monomer coordination and the other for the growing polymer chain. This could potentially protect the catalytic center and prevent it from decomposition or vulnerable side reactions. 

In contrast, as a Directive by the EEC Council to the Member States, the Sixth Amendment is not self-implementing, and it is not directly enforceable against individual companies. Rather, each EEC country must implement its own premarket notification laws, regulations, and administrative provisions. These must be consistent with the overall framework of the Sixth Amendment, and they must not create the types of conflicts or intra-EEC barriers that the Directive was intended to prevent in the first place. Nonetheless, they may be different from one another, to reflect local policies and approaches to specific regulatory matters. 

Intra- and inter-molecular spin alignment the conceptual framework of organic molecular magnets 182 Design of high-spin organic molecules 185 Exchange interaction 186... 

The lesson to be learned by the above experiments is that designed multifunctional catalysts may lead to unsuccessful results, and awareness of imperfections and drawbacks in the design comes only a posteriori. Progress towards a higher order multifunctional catalysis requires a most careful design of intra- and intermolecular interactions for optimal positioning of catalytic units in a molecular framework. 

The JADE-S (i.e., Secure-JADE) add-on to JADE is a third party enhancement to the framework that implements numbers of security services, including user/agent authentication, authorization and secure intra-platform communication. It makes the platform a multi-user environment where all components (i.e., agents and containers) are owned by users who are responsible for their actions. Additionally, a security policy can be enforced in order to allow or deny actions only on chosen subset of agents or users. 

This volume focuses on the variety of phenomena associated with the above-mentioned systems. The discussion has both experimental and theoretical components. It is desirable to consider all these processes within the framework of a unified theoretical approach. Such an approach is possible because the most important physico-chemical phenomena in such media are accompanied by the rearrangement of intra- and inter-molecular coordinates and consequently, a surrounding molecular ensemble. Some powerful mathematical tools are presented for such processes describing the theory of radiationless multi-vibrational transitions. Thus, the first part of the volume addresses the following issues ... 

The diffuse ions are handled within the framework of the PB equation [62]. Fluctuations of the tightly bound ions are taken into account by introducing binding modes within a statistical mechanical framework [62]. For fixed occupancy of ions that are tightly bound, the free energy of binding is expressed in terms of the potential of the mean force for intra-cell and inter-cell interactions [62]. 

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