Microorganisms intestinal

J. Nakamura, M. Kido, K. Nishida, H. Sasaki, Effect of Oral Pretreatment with Antibiotics on the Hydrolysis of Salicylic Acid-Tyrosine and Salicylic Acid-Methionine Prodrugs in Rabbit Intestinal Microorganisms , Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1992, 40, 2572-2575. 

Erlandsen, S. L., and Chase, D. G. (1972). Paneth cell function Phagocytosis and intracellular digestion of intestinal microorganisms. /. Ultrastruct. Res. 41, 296-318. 

One guess is that anaerobic intestinal microorganisms, as yet unidentified, have retained their susceptibility to antibiotics and also, perhaps, that a large reservoir of sensitive wild microorganisms exists as a sort of pool that continually reinfects farm animals and depresses their growth, unless antibiotics are added to the diet. 

These antibiotics are partially absorbed from the stomach and upper gastrointestinal tract. Food impairs absorption of all tetracyclines except doxycycline and minocycline. Absorption of doxycycline and minocy-cbne is improved with food. Since the tetracyclines form insoluble chelates with calcium (such as are found in many antacids), magnesium, and other metal ions, their simultaneous administration with milk (calcium), magnesium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, or iron will interfere with absorption. Because some of the tetracyclines are not completely absorbed, any drug remaining in the intestine may inhibit sensitive intestinal microorganisms and alter the normal intestinal flora. 

Vitamin K is a fat soluble vitamin found primarily in leafy green vegetables. There are two normal forms exist, Kj found in food (called phytona-dione), found in human tissue (synthesized by intestinal bacteria) known as menaquinone. The synthetic compound is known as Kg. Synthetic analogues of natural vitamin also show biological activity. Most of the vitamin K is synthesized by intestinal microorganisms and there is a risk of vitamin K deficiency in new born infants. 

Alcohol dehydrogenase is present in many organisms that metabolize ethanol, including humans. In human liver it catalyzes the oxidation of ethanol, either ingested or produced by intestinal microorganisms, with the concomitant reduction of NAD+ to NADH. 

Intestinal microorganisms readily hydrolyze chlorogenic acid to quinic and caffeic acids [13], Adamson et al. [14] have investigated the fate of [14C] labeled quinic acid in rats and monkeys. Total radioactivity has been measured in the urine, feces and expired air of rats. As a consequence, the excreted radioactivity is contained in the intact quinic... 

PolyPs have been found in insects (Kulaev et al., 1974), and not only in intact insects but also in those with removed intestines (Table 8.10). Hence, its presence in these organisms does not seem related to intestinal microorganisms. It should be noted that the amounts of PolyPs in insects, as in mammals, are less than the amount of ATP. 

Diarrhea This effect, which is caused by a disruption of the normal balance of intestinal microorganisms, is a common problem. It occurs to a greater extent with those agents that are incompletely absorbed and have an extended antibacterial spectrum. 

An important factor in biotin s availability is that some of the vitamin is derived from synthesis by intestinal microorganisms this is demonstrated by the fact that three to six... 

The secondary bile acids result from the activity of anaerobic intestinal microorganisms in the ileum, caecum and colon, (s. fig. 3.3) Deconjugation, with the subsequent release of free bile acids, is a prerequisite for these reactions. This is followed by 7a-dehydroxylation of cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid to yield deoxy-cholic acid and lithocholic acid, respectively. 7a-de-hydrogenation and oxidation of chenodeoxycholic acid also yield ketolithocholic acid ... 

Classes, Sources, and Biochemistry Fuel for the Flost Dietary Fiber and Health of the Small and Large Intestines Microorganisms and Digestion Gut Microflora Microbe-Host Interactions Malabsorption Syndromes Summary References Bibliography... 

Polydextrose is partially fermented by intestinal microorganisms to produce volatile fatty acids. The volatile fatty acids are absorbed in the large intestine. Because of the inefficient way the human body derives energy from volatile fatty acids, polydextrose contributes only one-quarter of the energy of the equivalent weight of sugar, i.e, 4kJ/g (1 kcal/g). ... 

Scheline, R.R. (1968) Drug metabolism by intestinal microorganisms. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 57, 2021-2037. 

---