Interstitial condensation

Interstitial condensation Condensation that occurs w ithin the interstices of a material when the dew point is reached. 

Condensation will appear on the inside surface of porous or impervious materials, forming first on the worst insulated surfaces (normally glazing or steelwork). On porous surfaces condensation can occur within the material or at an internal boundary. This is known as interstitial condensation, and it is especially dangerous, since it is often not known about until it has caused noticeable damage. Condensation can be avoided or reduced by several methods ... 

ISO 13788, Hygrothermal Performance of Building Components and Building Elements - Internal Surface Temperature to Avoid Critical Surface Humidity of Interstitial Condensation - Calculation Methods, 2001. 

As shown in Fig. 14.5, in winter, the humidity is lower on the outside, and in this case, the product will present an effective vapour control layer to the passage of water vapour by diffusion. The membrane s vapour resistance goes high and thus reduces the amount of moisture entering the building envelope, and therefore reduces the interstitial condensation. 

How did Brunelleschi synthesis his unique solution Trade and cultural investigation had led him in his youth eastwards, where he would have seen the ruins of Byzantium. The old domes decayed in a specific way (figure 4.6) rain and interstitial condensation from within rotted out the crowns of the domes until partial collapse left most of their shells intact but open to the sky. Brunelleschi realised that if such dilapidated structures held up then by reversing the process in the mind s eye one could see a dome gradually being filled in towards its centre, all the time... 

When two metals A and B are melted together and the liquid mixture is then slowly cooled, different equilibrium phases appear as a function of composition and temperature. These equilibrium phases are summarized in a condensed phase diagram. The solid region of a binary phase diagram usually contains one or more intermediate phases, in addition to terminal solid solutions. In solid solutions, the solute atoms may occupy random substitution positions in the host lattice, preserving the crystal structure of the host. Interstitial soHd solutions also exist wherein the significantly smaller atoms occupy interstitial sites... 

Of course, valence electron concentration is not only related to the metal atoms but also to the number and valence of the ligands. Ligand deficiency creates vacant coordination sites at metal atoms and results in cluster condensation, which is the fusion of clusters via short M-M contacts into larger units ranging from zero- to three-dimensional. The chemistry of metal-rich halides of rare earth metals comprises both principles, incorporation of interstitial atoms and cluster condensation, with a vast number of examples [22, 23]. 

Figure 4.28. Schemes of octahedral cluster condensation, (a) Vertex-sharing, (b) edge-sharing and (c) face-sharing. In these examples octahedra centred by interstitial atoms are shown.

The dianion [Ni6(CO)12]2- is stable to hydrolysis in alkaline aqueous solution however, in acidic conditions (pH = 3-6) it is converted quantitatively into the interstitial hydride complex [Ni12(CO)21H4 B]"- (n = 2,3).5 6 The complex readily reacts in solution with carbon monoxide according to the following degradation-condensation equilibrium 1... 

E. Wasserman (The DuPont Company, U.S.A.). When you talk about the possible phases of something like C60 (is it a gas, a liquid or a low density liquid of high compressibility), we really have to compare it with another phase which may be accessible under the same temperature and pressure conditions. In many such cases, some of the features of C60 are due to intermolecular interactions, in some of the more condensed phases, rather than to individual molecular properties that you were concentrating on. For example, the very strong tenacity of one C60 molecule to bond to another, as well as to incorporate solvent molecules in the interstitial spaces, depends critically on how well they seem to fit together, as well as to the intrinsic forces that may be found in smaller molecules. We find that if you have small degrees of substitution of C6, for example, alkyl groups, the volatility increases dramatically. 

The superconducting hole condensate resides in the SrO or BaO planes of most high-temperature superconductors, and in the interstitial oxygen regions of many of the rest, such as Nd Xt- Xu04. All of these superconductors are p-type, s-wave superconductors. 

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