Internal syngas yield

Copyright 2014, Elsevier), (c) syngas yield and H2/CO ratio (with permission from Ref. [18]. Copyright 2014, Elsevier), (d) selectivity of CO/C and CH4/C (FBDB - fixed-bed dry bottom, HTW - high-temperature Winkler, INCI - internal circulation gasifier). 

Figure 7.14 Ash content sensitivity of several syngas yield, advanced systems (HTW - high-parameters (a) cold gas efficiency, standard temperature Winkler, INCI - internal drcula-systems, (b) cold gas efficiency, advanced sys- tion gasifier), terns, (c) syngas yield, standard systems, (d)...

Thermodynamic Modeling of the Internal Circulation Gasifier 347 Thermodynamic maxima for coid gas efficiency (---) and syngas yield (---)... 

The domino reaction was first tested on homoallylamide derivative 36. Different reaction conditions were used to verify if each step could be performed individually. Subjecting amide 36 to hydroformylation conditions in the presence of PPTS, the CHC reaction gave the enamide 38 in 78% yield (Scheme 12). During this reaction, we never isolated any of the hydroformylation product derived from reaction on the internal double bond. Using a syngas pressure of five bars avoided this secondary reaction. In fact, the steric hindrance of the disubstituted double bond requires a greater pressure of syngas (10 bars) for that reaction to take place. 

Fuel quality represents the most critical limitation on the use of combined cycles. Because the gas turbine is an internal combustion cycle (i.e., the working fluid flowing through the expander is a stream of combustion products), low-quality fuels such as coal or heavy oils cannot be used in such a system because their combustion yields ash, soot, and heavy metals (e.g., vanadium) that would rapidly corrode and foul the mrbine blades. Gasification followed by extensive syngas cleaning represents the only viable technique to enable feeding combined cycles with low-quality primary fuels. 

For example, hydroformylation of 1-dodecene has been carried out with a phosphabicyclononane-modified Co catalyst at 8.5 MPa syngas pressure (CO/H2 = 1 2) at 120 °C with a Co/P ratio of 1 2 to produce 55% isomeric Cj g alcohols [61]. RhClj immobilized on trioctylmethylammonium chloride operating in a multiphase Uquid system together with isooctane and water was developed for the conversion of tetradecene [62]. In more sophisticated approaches, phosphorus-modified Rh catalysts have been screened in biphasic systems, sometimes containing surface-active compounds [63]. Even internal olefins, such as (Z)-2-tridecene, have been used as substrates. Thus, by using a mixed, homogeneous Rh/Ru catalyst in a hydroformylation-hydrogenation protocol, 1-tetradecanol was obtained with a yield of 83% and with an Hb selectivity of 12 (see Section 5.2) [64]. 

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