Internal energy microscopic view

Internal Energy of Ideal Gases Microscopic View... 

Based on each of these models, we will establish canonical partition functions which define the microscopic system, followed by the Helmholtz energy, which links the microscopic point of view to the macroscopic system, and finally the internal energy, which will be useful for us later on to establish the specific heat capacities. 

The living microbial, animal, or plant cell can be viewed as a chemical plant of microscopic size. It can extract raw materials from its environment and use them to replicate itself as well as to synthesize myriad valuable products that can be stored in the cell or excreted. This microscopic chemical plant contains its own power station, which operates with admirably high efficiency. It also contains its own sophisticated control system, which maintains appropriate balances of mass and energy finxes through the links of its internal reaction network. 

---