Interleukin 1/3, crystals

Vigers, G.P.A., et al. Crystal structure of the type-1 interleukin-1 receptor complexed with interleukin-ip. Nature 386 190-194, 1997. 

Local inflammatory changes occur in the joint capsule and synovium. The synovium becomes infiltrated with T cells, and immune complexes appear. Crystals or cartilage shards in synovial fluid may contribute to inflammation. There are also increased levels of interleukin-1, prostaglandin E2, tumor necrosis factor-a, and nitric oxide in synovial fluid. Inflammatory changes result in effusions and synovial thickening. 

The bisphosphonates inhibit osteoclastic resorption of bone by binding to the hydroxyapatite crystals of bone. When osteoclasts first attach to bone in the active resorp-tive sites, the bisphosphonates are released from that bone. The release of these compounds locally prevents further osteoclastic attachment to those resorptive surfaces. The bisphosphonates also may inhibit resorption by inducing apoptosis of osteoclasts and by inhibiting release of interleukins and other compounds involved in bone resorption. The net result of actions of these compounds is inhibition of bone osteoclastic resorption. This action allows new bone formation to catch up in the remodeling process and can result in a net gain in bone density. 

Walter MR, Cook, WJ, Zhao BG, Cameron RP, et al. 1992. Crystal structure of recombinant human interleukin-4. J Biol Chem. 267 20371-20376. 

McElvaney, N.G., H. Nakamura, P. Bir-rer, C.A. Hebert, W.L. Wong, M. Al-phonso, J.B. Baker, M.A. Catalano, and R.G. Crystal. 1992. Modulation of airway inflammation in cystic fibrosis. In vivo suppression of interleukin-8 levels on the respiratory epithelial surface by aerosolization of recombinant secretory leukoprotease inhibitor. /. Clin. Invest. 90 1296-1301. 

Ben-Gary, H., McKinney, R. L., Rosengart, T., Lesser, M. L. and Crystal, R. G. (2002). Systemic interleukin-6 responses following administration of adenovirus gene transfer vectors to humans by different routes. Mol. Ther. 

Walker NP, Talanian RV, Brady KD, Dang LC, Bump NJ, Ferenz CR, Franklin S, Ghayur T, Flackett MC, Flammill LD (1994), Crystal structure of the cysteine protease interleukin-1 beta-converting enzyme a (p20/pl0)2 homodimer, Cell 78 343-352. 

Hage, T., Sebald, W., and Reinemer, P. (1999). Crystal structure of the interleukin-4/receptor alpha chain complex reveals a mosaic binding interface. Cell 97, 271-281. 

Chang, C., Magracheva, E., Kozlov, S., Fong, S., Tobin, G., Kotenko, S., Wlodawer, A., and Zdanov, A. (2003). Crystal Structure of Interleukin-19 Defines a New Subfamily of Helical Cytokines. / Biol. Chem. 278, 3308-3313. 

Walter, M. R., and Nagabhushan, T. L. (1995). Crystal structure of interleukin 10 reveals an interferon gamma-like fold. Biochemistry 34, 12118-12125. 

Zdanov, A., Schalk-Hihi, C., Menon, S., Moore, K. W., and Wlodawer, A. (1997). Crystal structure of Epstein-Barr virus protein BCRFl, a homolog of cellular interleukin-10. /. Mol. Biol 268, 460-467. 

The crystal structure of human interleukin-4 (IL-4) bound to the ectodomain of the a-chain of the IL-4 receptor has been solved.34 The IL-4 receptor is a t5y)e I receptor. The ligand, IL-4, binds first with high affinity to the receptor a-chain and then the inter-... 

Caspases are among the most specific proteases known, Thanks to the crystal structures of active caspases (caspase 1 and 3), we have some idea how these enzymes are activated. The structure of the interleukin-ip-convertii enzyme (ICE), which processes an inactive interleukin precursor to interleukin-ip, is shown in Plate 26. 

Wewers, M.D., Rennard, S.I., Hance, A.J., Bitterman, P.B. and Crystal, R.G. (1984). Normal human alveolar macrophages obtained by lavage have a limited capacity to release interleukin-1. J. Clin. Invest. 74, 2208-2218. 

Nakamura, H., Yoshimura, K., Jaffe, H.A. and Crystal, R.G., (1991). Interleukin-8 gene expression in human bronchial epithelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 266, 19611-19617. 

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