Interference signal, geometrical phase

The magnitude and sign of the interference signal will be sensitive to geometric phase development through its effect on the classical action 7 . + J + Pi) (see Eq. (3.21b)). In particular, the line integral... 

It is possible that a slight improvement in the treatment of the nuclear motion, based on the time-dependent variational principle, will accurately predict the interference signal on the short timescale necessary to observe geometric phase development, without suffering the instabilities of the locally quadratic method [36, 37]. Such an improvement may come at the cost of describing the excited state wave function as a superposition of... 

In Sect. 4.3, we discussed the role of ionization potential in harmonic phase Ip [8,11], As the geometric structures of the atomic or molecular valence orbitals should give additional effects to the harmonic phases [26,55], by measuring the harmonic phases as well as intensities from a pair of atoms and/or molecules with the same Jp such as H2-D2 [12], N2-Ar, and CO2-KX [12,30], the net effects due to the structures of them and their dynamics can be extracted [11] (Fig. 4.5). The main advantage of the present method, which we call heterodyne interferometry, is that it makes use of the interference of harmonics, and faint signals from the dynamics in the atoms and molecules can be observed. 

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