Interface exchange energies

Although a number of simplifying assumptions were introduced to facilitate the derivation of (8.14), it is important to note that the result for chemical potential (8.14) is independent of these assumptions. In other words, (8.14) provides a chemical potential for interface mass transport for any such system for which behavior is described by the same constitutive assumptions as were invoked above. This is so in cases where the system does exchange energy with its environment or in which there is dissipation due to interfacial shearing, for example. 

A common feature of all decomposition models is that system constituents (constituents or subsystems) are presented by shapes and internal and external interfaces (action, energy or information carriers ) by directed lines, indicated direction of the exchange. 

Finally, it must be stressed that diffusion of dissolved species in solutions is a key physicochemical process for the sea/sediment interaction and energy exchange at the sediment-water interface. The reader is referred to Cussler (1984) for a more comprehensive presentation of diffusion in fluid systems. 

By using a multichamber system [129], exchange of residual gases between successive depositions will be strongly decreased, and very sharp interfaces can be made. Furthermore, the use of a load-lock system ensures high quality of the background vacuum, and thus low levels of contaminants in the bulk layers. Multichamber reactor systems have been used for the fabrication of solar cells, and considerable improvements in energy conversion efficiency have been achieved [130, 131]. 

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