Intercalation of oxygen

This compound was prepared by intercalation of oxygen into the interstices of a host structure. The Gibbs energy of the product should be modeled with Eq. 11.34. 

The processing of high Tc ceramic superconductors by traditional ceramic techniques is reviewed. All high Tc ceramic superconductors are layered Cu-0 compounds that are closely related to each other. In each, Cu-0 coordination polyhedra are typical of Cu+2 compounds. A critical step in processing these compounds is the intercalation of oxygen which changes the coordination polyhedra at a few atomic sites and causes a dramatic effect on the superconducting properties. 

In specific, it was found that up to 3.5 mole lithium per mole molybdenum can be intercalated in films with high oxygen content and 1.7 in the others. The Li diffusion coefficient was found equal to 10 cm s at the beginning of the intercalation. It was noted that intercalation of the first Li is never reversible. 

Subczynski, W. K., J. S.Hyde, and A. Kusumi. 1991. Effect of alkyl chain unsaturation and cholesterol intercalation on oxygen transport in membranes A pulse ESR spin labeling study. Biochemistry 30 8578-8590. 

Being thermally decomposed onto the surface of carbon, this complex is expected to form very small catalytically active NiCo204 spinel centers. Thus, we have studied the catalytic activity of the products of pyrolysis at different temperatures toward two electrochemical reactions -reduction of oxygen in alkaline electrolyte and intercalation of lithium into carbons in aprotic electrolyte of Li-ion battery. To our knowledge, the catalytic effect of the metal complexes in the second reaction was not yet considered in the literature. 

The electrochemical intercalation of Li was studied for carbon electrodes modified by the 2Co-Ni complex, which showed the best effect in the reaction of oxygen electroreduction. Galvanostatic charge-discharge technique (PC governed automatic bench) in 2016 coin type cells was used for this purpose. 

Fullerene showed antibacterial activity, which can be attributed to different interactions of C60 with biomolecules (Da Ros et al., 1996). In fact, there is a possibility to induce cell membrane disruption. The fullerene sphere seems not really adaptable to planar cellular surface, but for sure the hydrophobic surface can easily interact with membrane lipids and intercalate into them. However, it has been demonstrated that fullerene derivatives can inhibit bacterial growth by unpairing the respiratory chain. There is, first, a decrease of oxygen uptake at low fullerene derivative concentration, and then an increase of oxygen uptake, which is followed by an enhancement of hydrogen peroxide production. The higher concentration of C60 seems to produce an electron leak from the bacterial respiratory chain (Mashino et al., 2003). 

Anode In aqueous anolytes, under conditions which favor the oxygen evolution, carbon is attacked under carbon dioxide formation, this is increasingly encountered with more porous materials. Glassy carbon will be relatively stable. A low pH value may retard the oxygen reaction, but carbon remains a problematic anode material in aqueous solutions. Additionally, it can be attacked because of intercalation of anions. 

In addition to the intercalation mechanism described, the anthracycline ring of doxorubicin can undergo a one-electron reduction to form free radicals and participate in further electron transfer. These highly active substances can then react with tissue macromolecules. This type of interaction suggests an alternative mechanism of cytotoxicity for the anthracyclines. In particular, the cardiac toxicity of anthracyclines may result from the generation of free radicals of oxygen. 

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