Intercalation compounds of graphite

A great deal of excitement has been generated by the assertion that some intercalation compounds of graphite possess a conductivity greater than that of copper (VIO, F13, Til). Much of this work was based upon earlier researches by Ubbelohde, who found that the a-axis conductivity of the semi-metal graphite increases, and develops a me-... 

The intercalation compounds of lithium with graphite are very different in their behavior from intercalation compounds with oxides or halcogenides. Intercalation processes in the former compounds occur in the potential region from 0 to 0.4 V vs. the potential of the lithium electrode. Thus, the thermodynamic activity of lithium in these compounds is close to that for metallic lithium. For this reason, lithium intercalation compounds of graphite can be used as negative electrodes in batteries rather than the difficultly of handling metallic lithium, which is difficult to handle. 

Tatar, R. C. 1985. A theoretical study of the electronic structure of binary and ternary first stage alkali intercalation compounds of graphite. PhD Thesis, University of Pennsylvania, PA. 

The strongest similarity between ionic aromatic compounds and intercalation compounds of graphite is charge transfer. 

The strongest divergence between ionic aromatic hydrocarbons and intercalation compounds of graphite arises from variations in the ratio of peripheral carbons to internal carbons. 

J. E. Fisher, Electronic Properties of Graphite Intercalation Compounds in Physics and Chemistry of Materials with Layered Structures, ed. F. Levy, Reidel, Dordrecht, Holland, 1977, Vol. 5, in the press L. B. Ebert and H. Selig in Abstracts of Franco-American Conference on Intercalation Compounds of Graphite, May 23—27, La Napoule, France. 

N. Watanabe, H. Touhara, T. Nakajima, T. Mallouk, H. Selig and N. Bartlett, Foreword and Chap. 8, Fluorine Intercalation Compounds of Graphite, Inorganic Solid Fluorides, Chemistry and Physics, ed. P. Hagenmuller, Academic Press, pp. xiii-xiv and Sec. II, Chap. 8 (1985) 331. 

Bulska E. and Ortner H. M. (2000) Intercalation compounds of graphite in atomic absorption spectrometry, Spectrochim Acta, Part B 55 491-499. 

Ebert, L.B. (1982). Electrochemistry of intercalation compounds of graphite. Proceedings of the Workshop on the Electrochemistry of Carbons, Vol. 84-5. Pennington The Electrochemical Society, p. 595. 

As explained in Topic B6 the synthesis of solids often requires high temperatures, because of the slow diffusion of atoms. In intercalation compounds and some insertion compounds however, diffusion of guest species is more facile, and such compounds can often be made prepared under fairly mild conditions, sometimes known as chimie douce ( gentle chemistry ). Intercalation compounds of graphite can be made directly by exposure of the solid to Br2 or to alkali metal vapors. 

Intercalation compounds of graphite with perfluoroalkanesulfonic acids and alkane sulfonic acids occur . Phase transitions occur in graphite-nitric acid compounds ". ... 

It IS questionable whether any of the solvated cation intercalation compounds of graphite may be thermodynamically stable vs. self-decomposition by internal reduction of the intercalated polar solvent. 

Ebert has intensively studied intercalation compounds of graphite, materials in which the layered graphite matrix serves as host to various guest ions and molecules. He is currently defining the frontier at which polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon molecules begin to behave as the delocalized infinite graphite. 

Ebert LB, Intercalation compounds of graphite. Annual Rev of Materials Sciences, 6 181 211, 1976. 

Dresselhaus MS, Dresselhaus G (1981) Intercalation compounds of graphite. Adv Phys 30 139-326... 

Watanabe, N. Touhara, H. Nakajima, T. Bartlett, N. Malloxik, T. Selig, H., "Fluorine Intercalation Compounds of Graphite," In Inorganic Solid Fluorides Chemistry and Physics, Hagenmuller, P., Ed. Academic Orlando, FL, 1985 p 331. 

B. Ruisinger, H. P. Boehm, Two different intercalate structures in the intercalation compounds of graphite with perfluorobutanesulfonic acid, Angew. Chem. Intemat. Ed. Engl., 26, 253-255... 

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