Interaction with polyelectrolyte

The matrix polyelectrolyte capsules have high protein-loading capacity, and both the loading and, in principle, the release are driven by electrostatic interaction with polyelectrolytes [111]. Moreover, the loading and release can be controlled by the number of polyelectrolyte adsorption steps [112] as well as by the pore size of the CaCC>3 cores [116],... 

Richter L, Lavalle P, Vautier D et al (2002) Cell interactions with polyelectrolyte multilayer films. Biomacromolecules 3 1170-1178... 

Interaction with polyelectrolyte on the feed-side lEM/LM solution interface, as a result of thermodynamic conditions at the F/E interface... 

Due to the presence of both negative and positive charges in the platelike crystal interactions with polyelectrolytes, polyanions as well as polycations, via electrostatic forces, can be utilized to control the colloidal stability (or instability) as well as the rheological behavior of the whole system. 

Barium sulfate surfaces, interactions with polyelectrolyte crystal-growth inhibitors, 182-191... 

In order to overcome this difficulty, to study reactions between oppositely charged ions is advantageous, and even more so when the valencies of cations and anions are equal with opposite signs. In these reactions, the critical complex to be formed has no net charge as a result of compensation. Then, its interaction with polyelectrolyte is weak, so that its activity coefficient can be safely assumed to be unity at low concentrations. 

Ladam G, et al. Protein interactions with polyelectrolyte multilayers interactions between human serum albumin and polystyrene sulfonate/polyaUylamine multilayers. Biomacromolecules 2000 1(4) 674—87. 

Luminescence behavior and electron transfer of various transition metal complexes with 4,4 -bipyridyl, EDTA or 1,2-diaminoethane in the interaction with polyelectrolytes were studied in solution in detail [427,428]. The systems are prepared by mixing solutions of the polymers (in excess) and the metal complexes. The measurements show monomolecular distribution of the metal complexes and allow study depending on the pH-value-dependent conformational transition of the polymer chains as shown in Figure 27. 

The synergistic effects of such metals in combination with acidity can be understood from the chemistry of these metals. In the usual pH range of sewage influents (somewhat basic), heavy metals tend to be insolubilized by hydrolysis. They precipitate or adsorb on solids, and they interact with polyelectrolytes... 

The interpretation of the relationships obtained here is based on the same principles of polyfunctional interaction between CP and organic ions which are considered in sections 3.1-3.3. The dispersion of CP grains to a certain size (1-10 pm) yields particles retaining the ability of polyfunctional interaction with organic ions. Simultaneously with increasing dispersion, the mobility of elements of the crosslinked structure also increases, which favors additional interaction. Further dispersion of CP (d 0.1 pm) gives so weak networks that the spatial effect of polyfunctional interaction with organic ions drastically decreases similar to linear polyelectrolytes [64]. 

Polyelectrolytes such as the ion exchange plastics form an interesting group of materials because of their ability to interact with water solutions. They have been used in medical applications involving the removal of heavy metal ions from the human body. They can be used to interact with external electric fields and change their physical properties drastically as is illustrated by the fact that some electrically active liquid crystals are polyelectrolytes of low molecular weight. 

The ionic strength of the solution also significantly influences polyelectrolyte adsorption. In general, the higher the ionic strength of the medium, the less extended and the more coiled the polymer conformation becomes (due to preferential interaction with counter ions in solution rather than with other segments of the polymer chain). The coiled polymer becomes more accessible to the internal porous structure and adsorption is increased. However, for the same reason, it is less influential on the surface charge. 

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