Interaction between fluid

The fluid-pore potential has been chosen as a sum of interactions of the fluid with two commensurate parallel crystalline pore walls. The potential of interaction between fluid particles and the pore walls is given by... 

The velocity patterns within a fixed bed reactor reflect the interactions between fluid elements... 

When a fluid flows through a bed of particles, interactions between fluid and particles lead to a frictional pressure drop, (- AP). Calculation of (- AP) enables determination of both L and D, for a given W (or F). This calculation is done by means of the momentum balance, which results in the pressure gradient given by... 

For non-interacting fluid elements, the RTD function is thus equivalent to the joint PDF of the concentrations. In composition space, the joint PDF would he on a one-dimensional sub-manifold (i.e., have a one-dimensional support) parameterized by the age a. The addition of micromixing (i.e., interactions between fluid elements) will cause the joint PDF to spread in composition space, thereby losing its one-dimensional support. 

The PDF of an inert scalar is unchanged by the first two steps, but approaches the well mixed condition during step (3).108 The overall rate of mixing will be determined by the slowest step in the process. In general, this will be step (1). Note also that, except in the linear-eddy model (Kerstein 1988), interactions between Lagrangian fluid particles are not accounted for in step (1). This limits the applicability of most mechanistic models to cases where a small volume of fluid is mixed into a much larger volume (i.e., where interactions between fluid particles will be minimal). 

Kaye, B. H. and Boardman, R. P. Third Congress of the European Federation of Chemical Engineering (1962). Symposium on the Interaction between Fluids and Particles 17. Cluster formation in dilute suspensions. 

The Interaction between Fluids and Particles 203. Solids-liquid mass transfer in multi-particulate... 

It is important to do the balance over the whole of the dense phase when this is, by assumption, uniform, failure to do this led to an erroneous result in an earlier paper of ours, Heat transfer in fluidized and moving beds (Proc. Symp. on Interactions between Fluids and Particles. 1962. pp 176-182. The error was ultimately corrected in 1990 see Manners makyth Modellers, Chem Eng Sci, 46 1535-44 (1991) and in Trans IChemE, 68 165-174 (1991). 

Heat transfer in fluidised and moving beds (with N. R. Amundson). Paper presented at the Proceedings of the Symposium on the Interaction between Fluids and Particles, London, 20-22 June 1962. 

Ogawa, A. (1984). Separation of Particles from Air and Gases, II. Boca Raton, Fla. CRC Press. Rietema, K. (1962). Proceedings of Symposium on Interaction Between Fluid and Particles. London Institute of Chemical Engineers. 

The development of processing strategies in which the interaction between fluid motion and microstructural conformation can be used for (a) the development of microstructured materials with desired macroscopic properties and (b) active control of the flow itself, as in drag reduction and fluidized bed stabilization. 

Soo, S. L., Boundary Layer Motion of a Gas-Solid Suspension, Proc. Symp. Interaction between Fluids and Particles, lnstn. Chem. Engrs.. 1962, p. 50(1962). 

Hydrodynamic boundary layer — is the region of fluid flow at or near a solid surface where the shear stresses are significantly different to those observed in bulk. The interaction between fluid and solid results in a retardation of the fluid flow which gives rise to a boundary layer of slower moving material. As the distance from the surface increases the fluid becomes less affected by these forces and the fluid velocity approaches the freestream velocity. The thickness of the boundary layer is commonly defined as the distance from the surface where the velocity is 99% of the freestream velocity. The hydrodynamic boundary layer is significant in electrochemical measurements whether the convection is forced or natural the effect of the size of the boundary layer has been studied using hydrodynamic measurements such as the rotating disk electrode [i] and - flow-cells [ii]. 

Van Zoonen, D. Measurements of diifusional phenomena and velocity profiles in a vertical riser, in Proceedings of the Symposium on the Interaction between Fluids and Particles" (P. A. Rottenburg, ed.), pp. 64-71. Institution of Chemical Engineering, 1962. 

Eisenklam. P., and L. H. Ford, in Interaction Between Fluid and Particles. Institute of Chemical Engineers, London, 1962, p. 333. 

Shanks W. C., Bohlke J. K., and Seal R. R. (1995) Stable isotopes in mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal systems interactions between fluids, minerals, and organisms. In Seafloor Hydrothermal Systems, Monograph 91 (eds. S. E. Humphris, R. A. Zierenberg, L. S. Mullineaux, and R. E. Thomson). American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, pp. 194-221. 

The overall tendency in these interactions between fluids at different temperatures and basaltic material is the oxidation of iron and the concentration of potassium. The relatively low concentration of potassium in seawater is surely, in large part, due to these interactions. 

Ives, K.J. Symposium interaction between fluids and particles. Inst. Chem. Engr. 1962, 260. 

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