Seafloor hydrothermal system

Base and precious metals in modern seafloor hydrothermal systems (Hannington et al., 1995). N number of analyses... 

Hannington, M.D., Jonasson, I.R., Herzig, P.M. and Petersen, S. (1995) Physical and chemical processes of seafloor mineralization at midocean ridges. In Seafloor Hydrothermal Systems Physical, Chemical, Biological, and Geological Interactions. Geophysical Monograph, 91, 115-157. 

Janecky, D.R. and Shanks, W.C. Ill (1988) Computational modeling of chemical and sulfur isotopic reaction processes in seafloor hydrothermal systems, chimney, massive sulfides, and subjacent alteration zones. Can. Mineral, 26, 805—826. 

McCollom, T. M. and E.L. Shock, 1997, Geochemical constraints on chemolithoautotrophic metabolism by microorganisms in seafloor hydrothermal systems. Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta 61,4375 1391. 

Jannasch, H.W. (1995). Microbial interactions with hydrothermal fluids. In Seafloor Hydrothermal Systems (S.E. Humphris, R.A. Zierenberg, L.S. Mullineaux and R.E. Thompson, eds), pp. 273-296. American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC. 

While most studies of seafloor hydrothermal systems have focused on the currently active plate boundary ( 0-1 Ma crust), pooled heat-flow data from throughout the world s ocean basins (Figure 1) indicate that convective heat loss from the oceanic lithosphere actually continues in crust from 0-65 Ma in age (Stein et al, 1995). Indeed, most recent estimates would indicate that hydrothermal circulation through this older (1-65 Ma) section, termed flank fluxes, may be responsible for some 70% or more of the total hydrothermal heat loss associated with spreading-plate boundaries—either in the form of warm (20-65 °C) altered seawater, or as cooler water, which is only much more subtly chemically altered (Mottl, 2003). 

Os isotopes as tracers in seafloor hydrothermal systems a survey of metalliferous deposits from the TAG hydrothermal area, 26°N Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 138, 105-119. 

Shanks W. C., Ill (2001) Stable isotopes in seafloor hydrothermal systems vent fluids, hydrothermal deposits, hydrothermal alteration, and microbial processes. In Stable Isotope Geochemistry, Rev. Mineral. Geochem. 43 (eds. J. W. Valley and D. R. Cole). Mineralogical Society of America, pp. 469 -525. 

Alt, j. C. 1995. Subsurface processes in mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal systems. In Humphris, S. E. ZiERENBERG, R. A. MULLINEAUX, L. S. THOMSEN, R. E. (eds) Seafloor Hydrothermal Systems, Physical, Chemical, Biological, and Geological Interactions. Geophysical Monograph, American Geophysical Union, 91, 85-114. 

Kado, D., Baross, J. Alt, J. (1995) In Seafloor Hydrothermal Systems Physical, Chemical, Biological... 

Baker, E.T., German, C.R. and Elderfield, H. (1995) Hydrothermal plumes over spreading-centre axes Global distributions and geological inferences, in Seafloor Hydrothermal Systems Physical, Chemical, Biological, and Geological Interactions (eds S.E. Humphris, R.A. Zierenberg,... 

The objective of this chapter is to review available stable isotopic data on seafloor hydrothermal systems. However, this goes far beyond a simple literature review because much new, previously unpublished data, collected by the author, is included. In addition, an important goal of this chapter is to interpret the stable isotope systematics of seafloor hydrothermal systems in the context of fluid-rock reactions and geochemical reaction calculations. Boiling and supercritical phase-separation, volcanic eruption and dike-emplacement events, addition of magmatic volatiles, and bacterial fractionation processes will be discussed where applicable. In addition to the commonly measured stable isotopes of C, O, H, and S, stable isotope ratios of B, Li, N, Cl, Cu, and Fe are included where data are available. Much new data has appeared since the last comprehensive overview of stable isotopes in seafloor hydrothermal systems (Shanks et al. 1995). This includes a wealth of information on hydrothermal systems related to volcanic arcs, back-arc spreading centers, seamounts, and serpentinized ultramafics. 

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