Interacting boson model description

First, a brief description of the neutron-proton Interacting Boson Model (IBM-2) is given. Next, this model is applied to experimental data in order to determine its empirical parameters. Finally, we discuss why an accurate determination of these parameters is so important. 

The starting point of the interacting boson model is the shell model, but IBM drastically truncates the available configuration space, in order to hold the calculations within reasonable limits. At the same time, the IBM keeps the most important elements substantial for the description of the properties of nuclei. 

The first, simplest version of the interacting boson model, the IBM-1 intends to give a description of positive parity levels of medium-heavy even-even nuclei. The model was later considerably extended and now there are versions which are able to treat also negative parity states, both light and heavy, odd-A and odd-odd nuclei, low-lying states and giant resonances, etc. 

Abstract In this chapter, four topics are treated. (1) Fundamental constituents and interactions of matter and the properties of nuclear forces (experimental facts and phenomenological and meson-field theoretical potentials). (2) Properties of nuclei (mass, binding energy, spin, moments, size, parity, isospin, and characteristic level schemes). (3) Nuclear states and excitations and individual and collective motion of the nucleons in the nuclei. Description of basic experimental facts and their interpretation in the framework of shell, collective, interacting boson, and cluster models. The recent developments, few nucleon systems, and ah initio calculations are also shortly discussed. (4) In the final section, the a- and P-decays, as well as the special decay modes observed far off the stability region are treated. 

Presents in an unitary quantum theory the various aspects of chemical bonding, from classical description of valence bond and molecular orbital theories to the modem bondonic-bosonic picture of chemical field and interaction, to crystal and ligand field related with symmetry properties and eigen-groups of molecules, to Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion-VSEPR model ... 

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