Inter-ion interaction

Thus, the inter-ion interaction results in an additional surface pressure contribution... 

Coulomb contribution can be used as a basis to describe adsorption layers of proteins. It should be kept in mind that the subscript i refers to various states of the protein molecule at the surface. Problems arising from a non-ideality of the surface layer, the inter-ion interactions in the adsorption layer and the dependence of Kj on the adsorption state of large molecules at the surface have been addressed in [26, 85, 86,131]. 

It was shown in Chapter 2 that the theoretical models defined by Eqs. (3.1)-(3.10) can be used also to describe the behaviour of the solutions of ionic surfactant RX in absence and presence of inorganic electrolyte XY. In this case, the Frumkin constant, in addition to the Van der Waals interaction, involves also the inter-ion interaction in the surface layer. Now instead of the concentration c the corresponding adsorption isotherms should be a function of the mean ionic products c = f (Crx xy rx > where f is the average activity coefficient of ions in the solution bulk. An equation accurately representing measured values of f. is the Debye-Hiickel euqation corrected for short-range interactions... 

Higher melt temperatures lead to an increase in band intensity and merging thereof, as shown in Fig. 84. The merging of bands that occurs at increased temperatures can be explained by the augmentation of ion diffusion that causes an averaging of the potential of inter-ionic interactions between the NbF6 ions and the outer-sphere cations. 

This means that an aqueous salt solution should not be viewed as a homogeneous liquid with a modified inter-molecular interaction, but rather as a colloidal suspension of inert particles in pure liquid water, with the particles formed by the ions and their first solvation shells. Following this view of an aqueous salt solution, the viscosity at low concentration can be described by the Einstein equation [19] ... 

Thus, the ion radical salt of BTDM-TTF (ET) with TCNQ has a high conductivity of 1.3 X 102 fl-1cm-1 at room temperature with metallic behavior down to 26 K (Rovira et al. 1994). (The unit of conductance is denoted as H-1, or ohm-1, or even mho, but mostly as S, i.e., siemens 1 S = 1 Ti1). The striking observation was made that the nature and molecular size of donor or acceptor have no substantial effect on the molecular distance within a stack (from 0.32 to 0.35 nm). Meanwhile, increasing the volume of a heteroatom leads to improving intermolecular interactions within given stacks. The enhanced inter-molecular interactions were indeed observed with the substitution of selenium for sulfur. The aforementioned orbital dispersion is more pronounced in the selenium-containing representatives. This arises from the more extensive overlap properties of selenium (Beer et al. 2001). 

The study of oxygen diffusion in oxides with mixed-valence 3d-ions presents great interest both in theoretical and practical terms. Such systems with Jahn-Teller (JT) 3d-cations are suitable model objects for analysis of the diffusion process in degenerate or pseudo-degenerate condensed systems. The mechanism of multi-well potential formation has been explored well for JT ions [1,2] and it is possible to give a simple microscopic description of the inter-center interactions and different properties of these systems. The practical interest paid to diffusion properties of the... 

Based on the classical Dexter-Forster model of inter-ionic interaction induced energy transfer, the excitation probability of ion i can be expressed as (Dexter, 1953 Forster, 1948 ... 

The diffuse ions are handled within the framework of the PB equation [62]. Fluctuations of the tightly bound ions are taken into account by introducing binding modes within a statistical mechanical framework [62]. For fixed occupancy of ions that are tightly bound, the free energy of binding is expressed in terms of the potential of the mean force for intra-cell and inter-cell interactions [62]. 

Interactions of Cellulose with Metal Ions. Interactions of metal ions with cellulose and the influence of metals on the carboxyls on stability was discussed in the introduction. Some metals are held much more tenaciously than others, but research workers do not always agree concerning the relative order. Our concern in this chapter is with inter-... 

For a pair of ions of opposite charge, the value of Utl r exhibits a minimum for a very short inter-ion distance r. For NaCl in vacuum [69], the interaction energy is about 500 kJ mol lt. 

We consider first the low-concentration branch, where the WP decreases rapidly with increasing molar concentration c of the salt. In contrast to the situation encountered for aqueous systems, in low-e solvents one does not reach the limiting regime of the Kohlrausch-Debye-Hiickel-Onsager c1/2 law [40], which results from long-range inter-ionic interactions between free ions. Even at the lowest concentrations a controls the concentration dependence of the WP, thus enabling the determination of the association constant K (T) for ion pair formation. 

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