Inter-fiber spacing

Ranganathan and Advani (1991) assumed a relationship between C/ and the average inter-fiber spacing a for semi-dilute suspensions ... 

In these equations, both and X are functions of the concentration of water absorbed by the fibers. Most textile fibers have very small diameters and very large surface/volume ratios. The assumption in the second equation of instantaneous thermal equilibrium between the fibers and the gas in the inter-fiber space does not therefore lead to appreciable error. The two equations in the model are not linear and contain three unknown, i.e., Cj-, T, and. A third equation should be established appropriately in order to solve the model. Researchers derived a third equation to obtain an analytical solution by assuming thatC is linearly dependent on T and C , and that fibers reach equilibrium with adjacent air instantaneously. Considering the two-stage sorption process of wool. Scientists proposed an... 

Special consideration must be given to physical characteristics in the choice of catalyst support. Since asbestos fibers are not porous to any extent, catalysts supported on asbestos are held in the inter-fibrilar spaces. When asbestos is used, precautions must be taken to prevent the felt-like mass from compacting and increasing the resistance to gas flow. For this purpose, asbestos-supported catalysts are used in numerous thin layers, each layer on a separate perforated plate. Despite its resistance to temperature effects, asbestos is not favored as a support and the more rigid materials preferred. 

When solution of a polymer with some inoiganic ions is electrospun, the polymer fibrils will be elongated within the spinning direction and those ions are held in the inter-fibril spaces. When those electrospun fibers are calcined, ceramic fibers wiH be obtained. The present study has attempted to employ such spaces formed in poIy(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) as nano- or micro-reactor spaces for precipitation of nano-crystaUine particles. Exposing the spun PVA mats to ammonia vapor fixed metal ions in the form of hydroxide and, induced apatitic calcium phosphate crystallites when the precursor solution involved calcium and hydrogen orthophosphate ions. 

The secondary cell wall contains about 94% cellulose and only grows when the primary cell wall is formed. In it, the cellulose molecules are highly oriented. With decreasing diameter, the following structural types can be distinguished fibers (0.06-0.28 mm), cell walls, macrofibrils (400 nm), microfibrils (20-30 nm), and elementary fibrils (3.5 nm). Lignin deposits as a cement in interfibrillar spaces of 5-10 nm in width. In fact, the inter-micellar spaces of 1 nm in width that occur between the elementary fibrils are accessible to H2O, ZnCl2, or I2, but not to dyestuffs. 

Agro-based fiber-reinforced composites can absorb a significant amount of moisture, as the water retains in the inter-fibrillar spaces of these fibers [10]. The content of voids and the non-crystalline parts determine moisture absorption [3]. When these fibers are used in composites, the moisture can occupy the spaces in the flaws of the interface between the fiber and the matrix and the micro voids in the composites in addition to the inter-fibrillar spaces of the fibers [10]. The moisture absorption behavior of plant fibers is one of the main concerns related to the utilization in composite applications [24]. The moisture absorption that takes place as a result of the hydrophilic character of the fiber affects the performance of the composite negatively. Moisture uptake results in fiber swelling and this consequently changes the dimensional stability of the... 

As a whole, a dry fabric exhibits three stages of transport behavior in responding to external humidity transients. The first stage is dominated by two fast processes water vapor diffusion and liquid water diffusion in the air filling the inter-fiber void spaces, which can reach new steady states within fractions of seconds. During this period, water vapor diffuses into the fabric due to the concentration gradient across the two surfaces. Mean-... 

In addition to the thermal characteristics of fibers (Table 19.1) and the fabric thickness, yam properties have an impact on the thermal properties of the fabric. Coarser yams produce fabrics with more intra-yam air spaces but with fewer inter-yarn air spaces, resulting in lower air permeability. Higher twist yarn produces a less dense fabric, resulting in higher air permeability. It was found that thermal resistance decreases with increasing air permeability because lower air permeability implies a superior cover and hence improved fabric warmth [28]. 

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