Intelligent surfaces

Grandin H. M., Textor, M., eds.. Intelligent Surfaces in Biotechnology Scientific and Engineering Concepts, Enabling Technologies, and Translation to Bio-Oriented Applications John Wiley Sons, Inc., Hoboken 2012. 

The present study is concerned with the modification of functional polymers onto porous silica particle surfaces. Our primary interest is to improve particle surface characteristics. Poly(acrylic acid) was chosen as the functional polymer to provide pH-intelligent, surface-responsive particles. The PAA chains under acid conditions are usually coiled, while under basic conditions the chains are extended due to electrostatic repulsion of the carboxylate ions. By controlling the pH, the surface characteristics can be tailored to respond to specific pH environments. Pore size distribution and specific surface area of modified silica are calculated from the amount of nitrogen adsorbed on the surface. The water penetration rate and porosity for different pH were measured for estimation of the surface properties ... 

Stimuli-responsive systems have been designed for different architectures and specific structural properties, and have enhanced the development of new biosensors and actuators, microfluidic devices, diagnostic systems and new therapeutic treatments for diseases. Intelligent surfaces, NPs, gels and shape memory polymers (SMPs) are considered below (see Fig. 12.2). 

Burns, R.S. (1995) The Use of Artificial Networks for the Intelligent Optimal Control of Surface Ships, IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, 20(1) Special Issue Advanced Control Signal Processing for Oceanic Applications, 20(1), pp. 66-72. 

Burns, R.S. (1997) The Application of Artificial Intelligence Techniques to Modelling and Control of Surface Ships. In Proc. 11th Ship Control Systems Symposium, Southampton UK, April, 1, 77-83. 

Anthony M. Lowman, Thomas D. Dziubla, Petr Bures, and Nicholas A. Peppas, Structural and Dynamic Response of Neutral and Intelligent Networks in Biomedical Environments F. Kurds Kasper and Antonios G. Mikos, Biomaterials and Gene Therapy Balaji Narasimhan and Matt J. Kipper, Surface-Erodible Biomaterials for Drug Delivery... 

In other experiments, the Ca2+-stimulated protein membrane was prepared by developing CaM and albumin on the water surface as shown in Figs. 32 and 33 [20]. Although the work presented here is the most simple approach towards a molecular intelligent material, the data obtained in this study will open new fields for assembling of new functional protein hybrids. 

Several protein assemblies have successfully been fabricated on the solid surfaces sifter the bioinformation transduction. These include the following molecular systems molecularly interfaced redox enzymes on the electrode surfaces, calmodulin / protein hybrides, and ordered antibody array on protein A. These protein assemblies find a wider application in various fields such as biosensors, bioreactors, and intelligent materials. 

Another reason for describing surface reaction kinetics in more detail is that we need to examine the processes on a microscopic scale. While we are interested primarily in the macroscopic description of catalytic reactor behavior, we cannot do this intelligently until we understand these processes at a molecular level. 

For any real material, the frequency at which (12.27) is satisfied is complex—the surface modes are virtual. However, its real part is approximately the frequency where the cross sections have maxima, provided that the imaginary part is small compared with the real part. We shall denote this frequency by us. For a sphere, o>s is the Frohlich frequency wF. If used intelligently, always keeping in mind its limitations, (12.27) is a guide to the whereabouts of peaks in extinction spectra of small ellipsoidal particles but it will not necessarily lead to the exact frequency. 

Imaging atom-probes, although severely limited in mass resolution, are very useful where one seeks information about the spatial distribution of chemical species on the emitter surface as well as in the bulk. They find many applications in studies of metallurgical problems,55 in studies of chemisorptions and surface reactions56 and oxidation of metals,57 etc., as will be discussed in later chapters. In using imaging atom-probes, it is important to select the system carefully and intelligently so that mass overlap of different elements can be avoided. 

The simplex procedure has been tested on difficult surfaces with spiral valleys and found superior to the older established theories such as the method of steepest descents. If however the surface is well behaved or if by an intelligent guess one can get close to the minimum then the older methods can be efficient. 

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