Equation integrated

Applying the Newton-Kantorovich procedure to the described problem as is done in [7], we obtain an integral equation to calculate the correction term hn z) to the initial profile n (z) ... 

The linear integral equation (5) is solved by a standard technique, including expansion of the unknown An z) by some basis functions and transformation of (5) into a matrix equation to... 

T.M. Habashy, E.Y. Chow, and D.G. Dudley, Profile inversion using the renormalized source-type integral equation approach, 1990, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., 38,... 

Secondly, the linearized inverse problem is, as well as known, ill-posed because it involves the solution of a Fredholm integral equation of the first kind. The solution must be regularized to yield a stable and physically plausible solution. In this apphcation, the classical smoothness constraint on the solution [8], does not allow to recover the discontinuities of the original object function. In our case, we have considered notches at the smface of the half-space conductive media. So, notche shapes involve abrupt contours. This strong local correlation between pixels in each layer of the half conductive media suggests to represent the contrast function (the object function) by a piecewise continuous function. According to previous works that we have aheady presented [14], we 2584... 

These equations are the coupled system of discrete equations that define the rigorous forward problem. Note that we can take advantage of the convolution form for indices (i — I) and (j — J). Then, by exciting the conductive media with a number N/ oi frequencies, one can obtain the multifrequency model. The kernels of the integral equations are described in [13] and [3j. 

If the impulse response function g(x) of a system is known, the output signal y(x) of the system is given for any input signal u(x). The integral equation, which is called superposition integral. 

The step response function h(x) is also determined by the integral equation (1). The relationship between step response h(x) and the impulse response g(x) is represented by... 

If we know the Green function of the non-perturbed problem, we can found a solution by using the Lippman-Schwinger integral equation ... 

One may choose 6(Q,P,T) such that the integral equation can be inverted to give f Q) from the observed isotherm. Hobson [150] chose a local isotherm function that was essentially a stylized van der Waals form with a linear low-pressure region followed by a vertical step tod = 1. Sips [151] showed that Eq. XVII-127 could be converted to a standard transform if the Langmuir adsorption model was used. One writes... 

The molar entropy and the molar enthalpy, also with constants of integration, can be obtained, either by differentiating equation (A2.1.56) or by integrating equation (A2.T42) or equation (A2.1.50) ... 

We will describe integral equation approximations for the two-particle correlation fiinctions. There is no single approximation that is equally good for all interatomic potentials in the 3D world, but the solutions for a few important models can be obtained analytically. These include the Percus-Yevick (PY) approximation [27, 28] for hard spheres and the mean spherical (MS) approximation for charged hard spheres, for hard spheres with point dipoles and for atoms interacting with a Yukawa potential. Numerical solutions for other approximations, such as the hypemetted chain (EfNC) approximation for charged systems, are readily obtained by fast Fourier transfonn methods... 

Theories based on the solution to integral equations for the pair correlation fiinctions are now well developed and widely employed in numerical and analytic studies of simple fluids [6]. Furtlier improvements for simple fluids would require better approximations for the bridge fiinctions B(r). It has been suggested that these fiinctions can be scaled to the same fiinctional fomi for different potentials. The extension of integral equation theories to molecular fluids was first accomplished by Chandler and Andersen [30] through the introduction of the site-site direct correlation fiinction c r) between atoms in each molecule and a site-site Omstein-Zemike relation called the reference interaction site... 

Integral equation approximations for the distribution functions of simple atomic fluids are discussed in the following. 

The solutions to this approximation are obtained numerically. Fast Fourier transfonn methods and a refomuilation of the FINC (and other integral equation approximations) in tenns of the screened Coulomb potential by Allnatt [M are especially useful in the numerical solution. Figure A2.3.12 compares the osmotic coefficient of a 1-1 RPM electrolyte at 25°C with each of the available Monte Carlo calculations of Card and Valleau [ ]. 

Rasaiah J C and Friedman H L 1968 Integral equation methods in computations of equilibrium properties of ionic solutions J. Chem. Phys. 48 2742... 

Waisman E and Lebowitz J K 1972 Mean spherical model integral equation for charged hard spheres... 

Allnatt A 1964 Integral equations in ionic solution theory Mol. Phys. 8 533... 

Watts R C 1972 Integral equation approximations in the theory of fluids Specialist Periodical Report vol 1 (London Chemical... 

This integral equation can be solved by expansion of the integrand in bipolar coordmates [2, 3], Further improvement to the PY equation can be obtamed by analytical fit to simulation studies as described below. 

The integral equation approach has also been explored in detail for electrolyte solutions, with the PY equation proving less usefiil than the HNC equation. This is partly because the latter model reduces cleanly to the MSA model for small h 2) since... 

Assuming explicit time dependence in L (A3.2.38) is equivalent to the integral equation... 

Due to the nomialization integral, equation (A33.93). f(x) caimot be non-zero for arbitrarily large v f(x) must vanish for v greater than some cut-off value v which must be a pole of the integrand in equation (A3.3.98)... 

One way to solve this is to invert the operator on the left hand side, thereby converting this differential equation into an integral equation. The general result is... 

Upon substitution of Gq into equation (A3.11.29) we generate the following integral equation for the solution jJ that is associated with C ... 

Sohweizer K S and Curro J G 1997 Integral equation theories of the struoture, thermodynamios and phase transitions of polymer fluids Adv. Chem. Phys. 98 1... 

More sophisticated approaches to describe double layer interactions have been developed more recently. Using cell models, the full Poisson-Boltzmann equation can be solved for ordered stmctures. The approach by Alexander et al shows how the effective colloidal particle charge saturates when the bare particle charge is increased [4o]. Using integral equation methods, the behaviour of the primitive model has been studied, in which all the interactions between the colloidal macro-ions and the small ions are addressed (see, for instance, [44, 45]). 

Equation (19) can also be written as an integral equation along a contour in the following way [34—36] ... 

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