Large, integrated company

This section successively reviews four cases of nuclear new build in different market structures first, the US nuclear merchant South Texas Project of the NRG Energy group second, the consumers consortium project of Okililuoto in Finland third, the large vertical company nuclear project (EDF s Elamanville EPR) and fourth, some hypothetical projects from oligopolisitic medium-sized vertically integrated companies such as are likely to occur in the UK. 

Ad hoc DFT is essentially the only way many products can have improved testabiUty when those products are constructed with off-the-shelf merchant parts. Large, vertically integrated companies have the advantage of being able to customize testability into the heart of a design, including the very ICs themselves. AppUcation-specific ICs (ASICs) allow more of this as well. 

At the same time, relying on model programs has its share of pitfalls, in large part because a PSM system cannot succeed unless it can be properly integrated into the management systems in place for other activities. By definition a model program reflects the specific needs, operations, and practices of a given company, all of which may be quite different from your own. 

At this time, the petroleum industry was still a small scale affair and largely decentralized production, transportation, refining, and distribution of refined products were undertaken by separate companies. Periods of overcapacity caused price declines that cut deep into the profits of producers. In the last two decades of the nineteenth century, John D. Rockefeller imposed order on the industry by building a fully integrated corporation The Standard Oil T rust. 

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