Insulin growth activity

The hydrophihc hormones—generally class II and of peptide stmcture—are freely soluble in plasma and do not require transport proteins. Hormones such as insulin, growth hormone, ACTH, and TSH circulate in the free, active form and have very short plasma half-... 

Insulin, growth factors Monomeric Tyrosine kinase activity of receptor Insulin Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) Epidermal growth ftictor (EGF)... 

Fig. 1.57. Model of the regulation of translation by insulin. Insulin ( and other growth factors) activates the Akt kinase pathway (see ch. 10), whose final result is the phosphorylation of 4E-BPl, a regulatory protein of translation initiation. The 4E-BP1 protein inactivates the initation factor eIF-4E by complex formation. eIE-4E is required, together with the proteins eIE-4A and p220, for the binding of the 40S subunit of the ribosome to the cap structure of the mRNA. If the 4E-BP1 protein becomes phosphorylated as a result of insulin-mediated activation of the PI3 kinase/Akt kinase cascade, then eIE-4E is liberated from the inactive eIP-4E 4E-BPl complex and protein biosynthesis can begin.

The antineoplastic activity of vanadium compounds has been studied for some time. In 1979, the metalocene compound, biscyclopentadienyldichloro-Vanadium(IV), (C5H5)VCI2, was found to have antitumor activity [161], The compound inhibited the growth of various cancer cell lines and the growth of solid tumors in vivo. Vanadium(V) peroxocomplexes with known insulin-mimetic activity were shown to have antitumor activity against murine leukemia cells at that time. Vanadocene compounds are now known to induce apoptosis in cell lines. The apoptotic signal... 

In many cases the most important aspect of structural studies is that knowledge of the structure of a protein leads to improved understanding of its function. For instance, if a protein has to be administered for lifetime or long-firm TAnjswmnii therapy (c.g, insulin, growth hormone, factor IX), it is import tant to know all about its stmcture-function-stability relationships. A longer turnover time or a higher specific activity, for example, allows for a smaller dose to... 

Another fundamental compound for cellular growth is insulin, which presents weak affinity to IGF-1 receptors. Insulin can activate several mitogenic responses, through IGF-1 receptors when in large doses. However, insulin is also added to most serum-free media due to its ability to promote anabolic metabolism, such as oxidation processes, glycogen synthesis, and amino acids transport (Jenkins, 1991). 

Hormones. Many of the hormones are peptides or proteins (e.g., insulin, growth hormone, adrenocortico-trophic hormone). Hormones directly or indirectly influ-cree the degree of synthesis or activation... 

H13. Herington, A.C., and Kuffer, A. D., IGF-like diaracteristics of an acidic non-suppressi-ble insulin-like activity. In "Insulin-like Growth Factors/Somatomedins (E. M. Spencer, ed.), pp. 121-125. De Gruyter, Berlin, 1983. 

Zapf,., Schoenle, E., and Froesch, E. R., Insulin-like growth fuitors 1 and 11 Some biological actions and receptor binding characteristics of two purified constituents of nonsuppressible insulin-like activity of human serum. Ear. J. Biochem. 87, 285-296... 

A. Activation by Insulin, Growth Factors, and Pharmacological Agents... 

Recombinant drugs, e.g., human insulin, plasminogen activator (tPA), interferons, interleukins, growth factors and others, constitute a steadily growing subset of drugs in the mar-... 

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