Instrumentation account

Note The control valve count is used only to determine labor costs. The cost of the valve is included with the instrumentation account. 

Note Most of the costs associated with the double seal could be estimated with the piping, electrical, and instrument accounts. However, to insure their inclusion in the estimate, they should be included together with the pumps... 

The instrument air distribution system (headers and subheaders) is considered part of the piping account up to the distribution points to the individual users. The lines to the individual instruments and control valves are considered part of the instrumentation account and the cost is included in the instrumentation estimate. 

Instruments and DCS wiring are considered part of the instrumentation account and the pertinent estimating units have been included in the instrumentation estimating procedure. 

An accurate cost estimate for the instrumentation account requires a substantial engineering effort ... 

At the other extreme, the instrumentation account could be estimated as a percentage of the equipment cost. However, this method is very inaccurate published information shows a range of 15% to 50% of the equipment cost. 

This procedure presents a quick and reasonably accurate method to estimate the cost of the instrumentation account at various levels of engineering development with sufficient details for subsequent cost tracking and project control. 

The plan shall be consistent with other Community legislative and policy instruments. Account should be taken of unavoidable increases in emissions resulting from new legislative requirements. 

Taking into account that size and weight can change tremendously fi-om one object to the next, it is obvious that the CT- system had to be build in a very versatile but robust manner. For example heavy objects have to be moved very carefully, whereas small objects have to be measured as fast as possible and as accurate as possible. For that reason the turntable is equipped with an instrument, which limits the velocity, if the weight of the object is above a preselectable threshold. 

The choice of a mass spectrometer to fulfill any particular task must take into account the nature of the substances to be examined, the degree of separation required for mixtures, the types of ion source and inlet systems, and the types of mass analyzer. Once these individual requirements have been defined, it is much easier to discriminate among the numerous commercial instruments that are available. Once suitable mass spectrometers have been identified, it is then often a case of balancing capital and running costs, reUability, ea.se of routine use, after-sales service, and manufacturer reputation. 

The problem with plant data becomes more significant when sampling, instrument, and cahbration errors are accounted for. These errors result in a systematic deviation in the measurements from the actual values. Descriptively, the total error (mean square error) in the measurements is... 

John C. Russ. Computer Assisted Microscopy. Plenum Press, New York, 1990. A highly readable account of the applications of computers to SEMs and other imaging instruments. 

It was ironic that a few years later, Rosenhain began to insist that the material inside the slip bands (i.e., between the layers of unaffected crystal) had become amorphous and that this accounted for the progressive hardening of metals as they were increasingly deformed there was no instrument to test this hypothesis and so it was unfruitful, but none the less hotly defended ... 

A tray spacing of 0.41 m may be employed. All columns are assumed to have an overall efficiency of 25%. The fixed cost of the column is obtained by multiplying the equipment cost by a factor of 5 to account for installation, instrumentation and other ancillary devices. 

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