Instrument resolving power

In addition to the above calculations, our computer programs also separate unresolvable sulfur and hydrocarbon components (10). This step is carried out before calculating the concentrations. It is required because of the inherent difficulties in resolving certain hydrocarbon/ sulfur doublets even with an instrumental resolving power of ca. 100,000. 

High-resolution MS provides significant information on the heterocompounds present in coal liquids. The technique can be applied equally well to coal extracts and to coal liquids. This information can be related to processing parameters. The method supports research and development efforts designed to either liquefy coal or to upgrade coal liquefaction products. The approach is limited only by instrumental resolving power and sample volatility. 

One of the main advantages of CARS and also of other nonlinear Raman spectroscopies is the high resolution that can be achieved in spectra of gases at low pressures. The reason for this is that the instrumental resolving power in these techniques depends only on the convoluted linewidths of the lasers used for excitation, whereas in linear Raman spectroscopy the resolution is determined by the monochromators used to disperse the observed scattered Raman light. 

Type of Instrument Resolving Power (/ijn) Magnification Type of Particle That Can be Observed... 

Table 9.16 Common isobaric doublets and the instrumental resolving power needed to separate them (from Klein, 1978a, b)...

Altogether, the results deliver a clear answer to the question, what is the optimal instrumental bandwidth for CS AAS. The bandwidth should never be chosen smaller than two times the FWHM of absorbing lines. Higher values for AAinstr will not significantly reduce the shot-noise limited Amin- Nevertheless they should be avoided to allow the best possible background correction (BC). With respect to the results presented in Section 2.1.5, an optimized value for the instrumental resolving power / = A / AA is between 50 000 and 150000. 

For the considered wavelength range from 190 nm to 850 nm and for the preferable instrumental resolving power R = 75 000 Exjuation 9.4 delivers Mpjx 5 Mega pixel. 

The problem of the surface shape of each phase, while still present to some extent, especially in considering the precursors of size below instrumental resolving power, is much reduced in the ferroelectric case because phase (domain) boundaries can be observed and the shape obtained quite directly. Furthermore, different ferroelectrics provide essentially different nucleus shapes which provide further tests of the theories. 

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