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Insomnia types

Fig. 1. Schematized hypnogram demonstrating most of the sleep disorders described in the literature using laboratory recordings of untreated persons with schizophrenia. One category of sleep disorders in schizophrenia is the insomnia type , with long sleep latency, numerous and/or long awakenings, and short sleep duration. Another type of sleep disorders is more concerned with sleep organization, e.g.., short duration of SWS and/or short latency to the onset of REM sleep. Not all disorders are found in every study since variables such as symptoms or diagnosis subtype, severity and chronicity may influence the results (see text). REMS, REM sleep. A REM sleep period is defined as a succession of REM sleep epochs not interrupted for more than 15 min. Fig. 1. Schematized hypnogram demonstrating most of the sleep disorders described in the literature using laboratory recordings of untreated persons with schizophrenia. One category of sleep disorders in schizophrenia is the insomnia type , with long sleep latency, numerous and/or long awakenings, and short sleep duration. Another type of sleep disorders is more concerned with sleep organization, e.g.., short duration of SWS and/or short latency to the onset of REM sleep. Not all disorders are found in every study since variables such as symptoms or diagnosis subtype, severity and chronicity may influence the results (see text). REMS, REM sleep. A REM sleep period is defined as a succession of REM sleep epochs not interrupted for more than 15 min.
A class of sedative/hypnotic type drug that exert their effects through the benzodiazepine binding site on GABAa receptors. The class consists both of molecules that contain the benzodiazepine moiety, for example diazepam, lorazepam and flunitrazepam, and the newer, non-benzodiazepine compounds such as zolpidem, zopiclone, indiplon and zaleplon. BzRAs are primarily used for the treatment of anxiety, insomnia and to elicit varying levels of sedation. The wide selection of compounds currently available affords the prescribing clinician extensive options in terms of relative efficacies and durations of action. [Pg.251]

Currently, the majority of all approved diugs for treating insomnia interact with the GABAa receptor system. The major focus of the rest of this overview will therefore be on these types of dtugs and the introduction of two novel approaches, either recently approved or in late stage development. [Pg.1136]

Side effects associated with this type of diet pill often occur because, in causing the body to burn more calories, the pills speed up many body processes—possibly to a level that becomes dangerous. Examples are increased blood pressure and heart rate, which can lead to heart problems over time. Other side effects include nervousness and insomnia. [Pg.34]

Insomnia Due to Another Psychiatric Illness. Insomnia is often a symptom of mood and anxiety disorders. Depression is classically associated with early-morning awakening of the melancholic type, whereas so-called atypical depression leads to hypersomnia. Anxiety commonly leads to problems falling asleep. These patterns are not invariable. One should therefore always perform a thorough assessment for anxiety or depression in patients complaining of insomnia. [Pg.266]

Excessive central stimulation, usually exhibited as tremors, insomnia and hyperhidrosis, can occur following therapeutic doses of the MAOIs, as can agitation and hypomanic episodes. Peripheral neuropathy, which is largely restricted to the hydrazine type of MAOI, is rare and has been attributed to a drug-induced p)n idoxine deficiency. Such side effects as dizziness and vertigo (presumably associated with hypotension), headache, inhibition of ejaculation (which is often also a problem with the TCAs), fatigue, dry mouth and constipation have also been reported. These side effects appear to be more frequently associated with phenelzine use. They are not associated with any antimuscarinic properties of the drug but presumably arise from the enhanced peripheral sympathetic activity which the MAOIs... [Pg.188]

Other effects reported in tetryl workers are irritability, fatigue, malaise, headache, lassitude, insomnia, nausea, and vomiting. Anemia, of either the marrow depression or deficiency type, has been observed among tetryl workers. Conjunctivitis may be caused by rubbing the eyes with contaminated hands or by airborne dust keratitis and iridocyclitis have occurred. Tetryl has been reported to cause irreversible liver damage and death after chronic heavy exposure." However, complicat-... [Pg.668]

CNS Dizziness (mefenamic acid, meloxicam, piroxicam, flurbiprofen, diciofenac, fenoprofen) headache (ketorolac, fenoprofen, indomethacin, diclofenac, flurbiprofen, meclofenamate, meloxicam, nabumetone, naproxen, tolmetin, ketoprofen, sulindac, celecoxib, mefenamic acid, piroxicam, ibuprofen) somnolence/drowsiness (fenoprofen, naproxen) asthenia (tolmetin, etodolac) malaise (etodolac) fatigue (indomethacin) insomnia (meloxicam). Dermatologic Rash/dermatitis, including maculopapular type (ibuprofen, sulindac, meclofenamate, oxaprozin, nabumetone, mefenamic acid, meloxicam) desquamation angioneurotic edema ecchymosis petechiae purpura alopecia pruritus (nabumetone, naproxen) eczema skin discoloration hyperpigmentation skin irritation peeling skin eruptions (naproxen). [Pg.942]

Type B effects are rare but should be recognized. They include oedema of the lower limbs (bromocriptine, amantadine), livedo reticularis (amantadine), diarrhoea (tolcapone, entacapone), paroxysmal hypertension and dysregulation of blood pressure control (selegiline), narcoleptic phenomena (pramipex-ole), and insomnia (all dopaminergic agonists). [Pg.694]

A significant advantage of the benzodiazepines over other central nervous system depressants (e.g., the barbiturates) is that they possess a much greater separation between the dose that produces sleep and the dose that produces death. This increased margin of safety has been one of the major reasons benzodiazepines have largely replaced the barbiturates and other types of sedative-hypnotics in the treatment of anxiety and insomnia. In addition, benzodiazepine aclministration is associated with few side effects. [Pg.358]

GAD differs from other types of anxiety disorders because, although the anxiety is present most of the time, GAD patients do not fear specific events such as social situations or having a panic attack (as in social anxiety or panic disorder). GAD is distinguished from normal worry or anxiety because of its long-term duration. GAD is frequently the underlying cause of many symptoms, including irritability, insomnia, headache, and muscle tension. This can often make it very hard to diagnose. A person with GAD will often go to his or her family physician and complain of nerves. ... [Pg.43]

The International Classification of Sleep Disorders lists 88 types, with insomnia the most prominent symptom for many of these (17). Chronic insomnia is the most common sleep problem for which patients consult practitioners (18) and usually reflects psychological/ behavioral disturbances ( 19). Differences in treatment recommendations support the distinction between DSM-IV and the International Classification for Sleep Disorders ( 20). The DSM-IV divides primary disorders into two major groups the dyssomnias (in which the predominant disturbance is the amount, quality, or timing of sleep) and the parasomnias (in which the predominant disturbance is an abnormal event occurring during sleep) (7). [Pg.226]

This newest non-BZD hypnotic is a pyrazolopyrimidine derivative with a fuii agonist activity on centrai BZD receptors B2 type. It is an effective hypnotic for the short-term treatment of insomnia. Because of its very short half-life (almost an hour), it may be useful for patients experiencing difficulty falling asleep and in those who wake up at night and who have trouble falling back to sleep. Zaleplon is rapidly absorbed after oral administration and its mean, apparent elimination half-life is similar to that obtained after i.v. infusion. Zaleplon is extensively metabolized in the liver by aldehyde oxidase, and to a lesser extent by CYP3A4. This drug is excreted in the urine (156). [Pg.239]

Early insomnia, agitation, hypochondriasis, delusions, and atypical presentation are more frequent with this type. [Pg.289]

Anxiety, depression, insomnia, different types of phobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, panic attacks, acute stress disorder. It is also related to chronic diseases, such as anemia, and diseases of the heart and lung. [Pg.300]

So how is insomnia treated Most commonly, people self-medicate their insomnia with over-the-counter medications such as Tylenol PM , Sominex , Unisom , or other drugs such as antihistamines (discussed in Chapter 3). Other people try natural remedies such as melatonin (see Chapter 4). When such medications don t work, people often ask their doctor for a prescription sleep aid, which is usually a type of medication called a benzodiazepine such as Halcion or a related type of drug such as Ambien or Sonata (see Chapter 6 for more on these types of drugs). [Pg.25]

Insomnia can also be treated without medication. This type of treatment is called a behavioral treatment or modification since it is meant to modify the behavior of the insomnia sufferer. One commonly used behavioral treatment is called stimulus control the person stops doing non-sleep-related activities in bed, such as writing a letter, talking on the phone, studying, or playing computer games. When these types of... [Pg.25]

There are two major types of depression major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar or manic-depressive illness. Both disorders are characterized by changes in mood as the primary clinical manifestation. Major depression is characterized by feelings of intense sadness and despair with little drive for socialization or communication. Physical changes such as insomnia, anorexia and sexual dysfunction can also occur. Mania is characterized by excessive elation, irritability, insomnia, hyperactivity and impaired judgment. It may effect as much as 1% of the U.S. population."... [Pg.125]


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See also in sourсe #XX -- [ Pg.76 , Pg.77 ]




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Insomnia

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