Insertion-deinsertion

Figure 1 provides several electrochemical windows of important, relevant processes, including the reduction of alkyl carbonates, ethers, Li insertion into graphite, and Li metal deposition. Recent studies revealed two major failure mechanisms of graphite electrodes in repeated Li insertion/ deinsertion processes 21... 

Figure 3. An illustration of morphology, surface processes and changes during a Li insertion-deinsertion cycle of an electrode comprising synthetic graphite flakes in EC-DMC solutions, in which the electrodes behave reversibly.

Figure 5. 7Li NMR spectra recorded during 3 cycles of reversible lithium insertion-deinsertion in the composite carbon electrode. The peak at 0ppm is due to ionic lithium (Li+PF6 and passivation layer). The peak of lithium at 263 ppm is not shown.

NMR studies clearly indicated a rapid and reversible ethylene insertion-deinsertion process, as illustrated in Eq. (18). 

A promising EW may be obtained by combining tungsten trioxide, WO3, a well-known primary electrochromic electrode, which is coloured by the following lithium insertion-deinsertion process ... 

With BPh3 the rate of PN olefin-insertion/deinsertion and isomerization of 3PN to 4PN is so fast relative to C—C coupling, that only statistically scrambled deuterium was observed in recovered PN s and DN s. 

Sn as well as Si was widely studied as an anodic material alternative to carbon for Li-ion batteries due to its much higher theoretical capacity of 991 mAh/g [167] than that of graphitic carbons. However, a pure Sn electrode suffers from poor cycle ability due to mechanical fatigue caused by volume change during Li insertion/deinsertion [168], Similar to the case of Si-based anode... 

Insertion electrodes — insertion electrodes the electrochemical activity of which relates to insertion processes. Insertion involves two types of materials host materials and guest materials. Host materials provide a framework (lattice) of atoms/molecules, with specific sites such octahedral, tetrahedral, trigonal, or prismatic sites. The guest atoms or ions are inserted electrochemically (by applying an electrical field) and occupy these sites. Insertion can be in most cases reversible, thus leaving most host materials invariant in their physical and chemical properties after an insertion-deinsertion cycle. 

Insertion-Deinsertion Reactions. An example of a facile reversible insertion-deinsertion reaction is seen in the reactions between M2(OR)g compounds and CC which give M2(OR)... 

Migratory insertion/deinsertion effected by protonation/ 19970M5135... 

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