Insertion carbon oxide sulfide into

The direct environmental impact of a coal carbonization plant is caused by the emission of gaseous products (such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur dioxide) from carbonization plant. Dnring the process, nnmerous gas analyses need to be carried out both by analyzing the gases emitted by inserting analytical tube directly into the chimney and at some distance downwind from it. Particnlate emissions from carbonization processes can also be considerable. 

A probable mechanism for the thiocarbonylation of allylic alcohols is outlined in Scheme 3. It is well-known that Pd(OAc>2 is easily reduced to Pd(0) in situ in the presence of phosphine ligands and carbon monoxide. Oxidative addition of protonated allylic alcohol to Pd(0) gives the tr-allylpalladium complex A, which may undergo substitution of H2O by SPh to form the tr-allylpalladium sulfide complex B. Insertion of CO into B affords the acylpalla-dium complex C. Reductive elimination of Pd(0) would form the /3,-y-unsaturated thioesters. 

In lithium-ion batteries substances should be used as cathode material which can intercalate and discharge lithium ions at a highly positive potential - compared to the intercalation into the carbon anode - and with only low kinetic hindrance, i.e. at low over-voltage or nearly reversible. The first requirement is fulfilled especially by transition metal oxides and halides and also, to a lesser extent, by sulfides. The second requirement of low kinetic hindrance for insertion and release of lithium ions is meant as a requirement of high mobility of lithium ions and electrons within the cathodic lattice and of unhindered mass transfer across phase boundaries as far as phase transitions happen in the host lattice during in- and excorporation of lithium. As the transition metal halides are poorer electronic conductors than oxides, only the latter are used in practice. 

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