Insensitiveness, figure

The thermospray inlet/ion source does not produce a good percentage yield of ions from the original sample, even with added salts (Figure 11.2). Often the original sample is present in very tiny amounts in the solution going into the thermospray, and the poor ion yield makes the thermo-spray/mass spectrometer a relatively insensitive combination when compared with the sensitivity attainable by even quite a modest mass spectrometer alone. Various attempts have been made to increase the ion yield. One popular method is described here. 

The filter and screen of the pyrometer shown ia Figure 9 require specific mention. From equation 21 it is evident that the observed radiation must be limited to a narrow bandwidth. Also, peak intensity does not occur at the same wavelength at different temperatures. The pyrometer is fitted with a filter (usually red) having a sharp cut-off, usually at 620 nm. The human eye is insensitive to fight of wavelength longer than 720 nm. The effective pyrometer wavelength is 655 nm. 

Figure 4-2 displays plots of AH, AS, and AG as functions of composition for 6 binary solutions at 50°C. The corresponding excess properties are shown in Fig. 4-3 the activity coefficients, derived from Eq. (4-119), appear in Fig. 4-4. The properties shown here are insensitive to pressnre, and for practical pnrposes represent sohition properties at 50°C (122°F) and low pressnre (P 1 bar [14.5 psi]).

If AT between gas and wall is incrementally larger than this, a runaway starts. It remains insensitive if it is incrementally lower. This is shown on Figure 9.7.2 and with the temperature derivatives on 9.7.3 and 9.7.4 (figures Bashir et al 1992). 

Figure 30 shows a series of ealeulated patterns for carbon samples with a fraction, f, of carbon atoms in randomly oriented single layers, a fraction 2/3(1-f) in bilayers and a fraction l/3(l-f) in trilayers [12]. These cuiwes can be used to estimate the dependence of the ratio, R, defined by Fig. 29, on the single layer fraction. Figure 31 shows the dependence of R on single layer fraction for the calculated patterns in Fig. 30, and for another set of calculated patterns (not shown) where the fraction of carbon atoms in bilayers and trilayers was taken to be /2(l-f) [12]. Both curves in Fig. 31 clearly show that R decreases as the single layer content of the sample increases and is fairly insensitive to how the carbon is distributed in bilayers and trilayers. 

Carriers and channels may be distinguished on the basis of their temperature dependence. Channels are comparatively insensitive to membrane phase transitions and show only a slight dependence of transport rate on temperature. Mobile carriers, on the other hand, function efficiently above a membrane phase transition, but only poorly below it. Consequently, mobile carrier systems often show dramatic increases in transport rate as the system is heated through its phase transition. Figure 10.39 displays the structures of several of these interesting molecules. As might be anticipated from the variety of structures represented here, these molecules associate with membranes and facilitate transport by different means. 

FIGURE 14.11 The pH activity profiles of four different enzymes. Trypsin, an intestinal protease, has a slightly alkaline pH optimnm, whereas pepsin, a gastric protease, acts in the acidic confines of the stomach and has a pH optimmn near 2. Papain, a protease found in papaya, is relatively insensitive to pHs between 4 and 8. Cholinesterase activity is pH-sensitive below pH 7 but not between pH 7 and 10. The cholinesterase pH activity profile suggests that an ionizable group with a pK near 6 is essential to its activity. Might it be a histidine residue within the active site ... 

Advantages of this type include an ability to burn all fuels including those containing solid particles, good turndown ratio (4 to 10 1 typically) and an insensitivity to oil conditions such as pressure and temperature. It is widely used in shell boilers, and the only real limitation is that the cup surface has to be cleaned daily. The most common atomizer layout is shown in Figure 24.7. Variants include direct driven cup and separate mounting of the primary air fan. 

Let us consider Figure 5.3 again. Both pyruvate kinase and dtrate synthase (enzymes III and V) are inhibited by elevated ATP concentrations. During citric acid production ATP concentrations are likely to arise (ATP produced in glycolysis) and either of these enzymes could, if inhibited, slow down the process. In fact all of the evidence suggests that both enzymes are modified or controlled in some way such that they are insensitive to other cellular metabolites during citric add production. 

They display the considerable trans-influence of hydride and aryl groups (the Pt-Cl bond lengths should be compared with the value of c. 2.31 A in PtCl4 ). The Pt-P bond lengths are more insensitive to the phosphine, but by synthesis of ds-Pt(PR3)(PR3)Cl2 [150] complexes, it has been possible to study the effect of electron-withdrawing substituents on the Pt-P bond, as well as on the trans-influence of the phosphine (Figure 3.94). 

Relative Sensitivity Based on Figure of Insensitiveness (F.l. (from Ref 3)... 

Thus, the critical value of R-A parameter a Is not the same nor Is It as clearly defined. Moreover, It Is possible to experience Insensitive (potentially stable) R-A. Sample experimental results showing sensitive and Insensitive R-A have been plotted In Figures 1 and 2, respectively. 

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