Insect control, alternative methods

An alternative method to overcome this issue is to perform uptake studies by using membrane vesicles prepared from cDNA-expressing and control cells [5]. Vesicle preparation and vesicle assays are, however, labor intensive. BCRP, MRPs, and BSEP inside-out vesicles prepared from insect cells by using baculovirus system are currently available from BD Biosciences, Solvo, and GenoMembrane. 

The thematic treatment in this book differs somewhat from that of other works on this subject, and thus may serve as a supplement to other books. Our object was not to write an encyclopedic work on pesticides and their characteristics. Rather, we discuss mainly those active substances in pesticides which are of practical significance, may be of possible future importance, or represent research results and interesting trends. With regard to the latter, compounds are also discussed which are not on the market but represent promising new types. Ample space has been devoted to alternative methods of plant protection, e.g., insect growth regulators, sterilants and pheromones, which show promise for control of insect pests. 

An alternative method of controlling insects without the use of insecticides has recently become popular. Several manufacturers have begun marketing insect traps and baits which are placed in comers, in cupboards, under sinks, and near floor drains to trap roaches and water bugs. Some of these traps employ an attractant chemical that lures the insect into the compartment where it is trapped by a strong adhesive. Others rely on insect entry by providing a dark, enclosed area as a potential shelter. When the trap is full, it is simply thrown out. The insect baits employ systemic or mechanical poisons. 

Interesting results have been obtained in the synthesis of biologically active compounds such as insect pheromones. Conventional synthetic routes to these pheromones are often multistep sequences, which make many pheromones too expensive for widespread use [23]. Metathesis offers a shorter, alternative route to pheromone synthesis, generating these compounds in a few steps only. The use of insect sex pheromones is an environmentally friendly, effective, and selective method of pest control. Kiipper and Streck [24] synthesized insect sex pheromones by cross-metathesis reactions between linear olefins. In the presence of the catalyst Re207/Al203, 9-tricosene was synthesized by cross-metathesis of the readily available aUcenes 2-hexadecene and 9-octadecene (Eq. 8). 

---