INRS model

The INRS Model builds on the principles of fault-tree analysis (Leplat, 1978). The model focuses on variations or deviations from the usual course of work at the work-systems level. There are four classes of variations, those related to the individual, the task, equipment and the environment respectively. We here see a clear relation to ergonomic models of work systems. The findings from an accident investigation are displayed in an analytic tree, showing causal relations. Figure 5.9. It gives a schematic presentation... 

INR, International Normalized Ratio MELD, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease. 

The INR approximation can be extended to cases of two overlapping resonances. When two resonance states lie close to one another, the rapid variation of the S-matrix against energy must be modeled with a unitary two-pole formula... 

The reaction of RSi(NH2)3 (R = 2,6-Pr 2C6H3NSiMe2Pr ) with InRs (R = Me, Et) leads to Si-NH-In cage molecules, which may be regarded as a model system for In metal-containing iminosilicates. Further functionalization without cleavage of the cage molecule is achieved by reaction with elemental bromide and iodine. ... 

These dosing models use complex calculations that may prevent widespread adoption by clinicians. To facilitate the estimates, an Internet-based calculator has been implemented [46]. This system is not only capable of predicted final dose but also can be used to refine dosing once the first few INR measurements have been taken. Additionally, a software-based system has been developed that can model the pharmacokinetics of individual patients given their genotypes and INR measurements [47]. This system attempts to use these data to provide dosing attempting to get the INR into the desired... 

In order to justify the conjecture made by Cardy and Hamber, Nienhuis used a cascade of models (including an unsolved six-vertex model)4 and equivalences that are more or less exact finally, he came down to a two-dimensional Coulomb gas. This gas is made of positively and negatively charged particles in interaction, the interaction potential being proportional to Inr where r is the distance between two charges. Then, Nienhuis could apply to this system approximate renormalization techniques which enabled him to predict the critical properties of the system. 

Hu, L., Bentler, P. M. (1995). Evaluating model fit. InR. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Struct equation model Concepts, issues and applications (pp. 76-99). Thousand Oaks Sage. 

In the last decades some models have been developed, the most well-known probably being COSHH Essentials [28], INRS [27], Stoffenmanager [49] and especially the Advanced REACH tool [50]. 

A risk categorisation model combines hazard categories with exposure categories for the identification of those situations that require most attention to be improved. The risk matrix model which have been developed with the hazard and exposure categorisation given in Sects. 26.3.5 and 26.5.3 will be given as an example. It applies to inhalation risks of small scale pharmacy preparation. This approach is similar to those by the INRS [27] and COSSH [28]. 

Acid-base balance Of 16 patients with hepatic cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis B infection, five developed lactic acidosis after 4—240 days of treatment with entecavir all five had highly impaired liver function [13 ]. One patient died, but in the other four the lactic acidosis resolved after withdrawal of entecavir. The serum lactate concentrations were not increased in the other 11 patients, who all had less severe liver impairment. Child-Pugh scores did not correlate with the development of lactic acidosis, but MELD (Model for End-Stage Liver Disease) scores did, as did serum bilirubin, creatinine, and international normalized ratio (INR). The authors suggested that entecavir should be used cautiously in patients with severely impaired liver function. 

The ROCKET-AF study [55] tested the efficacy and safety of rivaroxaban, a novel factor Xa inhibitor, in 14,264 patients with nonvalvular AF and additional stroke risk factors compared with standard warfarin therapy aiming at an international normalized ratio (INR) of 2.0-3.0. Rivaroxaban is predominantly metabolized by the liver, but approximately one third of the drug is cleared by the kidneys. The ROCKET-AF trial excluded patients with an eGFR <30 ml/ min, whereas the daily dose of rivaroxaban was reduced from 20 to 15 mg in patients with an eGFR of 30-49 ml/min based on available PD data and PK modelling [55]. 

Within process industries characterized by large production units and high levels of automation, risk and accident analysis is focused on the avoidance of low-probability events entailing serious consequences for the plant and its environment. Safety analysis is based here on causal or probabilistic models of the accidental chain of events that can serve to identify deficiencies in the design of the plant and its protective system as well as to predict the level of risk involved in an operation. Methods developed are fault tree analysis, MORT (Johnson 1975) and INRS (Leplat Rasmussen 1984). A detailed analysis of the actual, individual incident or failure is performed to identify these possible weak spots in the plant and its operation. It is a common experience that human acts play an important role in such industrial mishaps so, especially after the reactor incident at Three Miles Island in 1979, much effort has been spent on developing suitable predictive tools for the... 

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