Inorganic salts, effect hydration

In addition to intensive supportive care, prompt chelation with oral or intravenous unithiol, intramuscular dimercaprol, or oral succimer may be of value in diminishing nephrotoxicity after acute exposure to inorganic mercury salts. Vigorous hydration may help to maintain urine output, but if acute renal failure ensues, days to weeks of hemodialysis or hemodiafiltration in conjunction with chelation may be necessary. Because the efficacy of chelation declines with time since exposure, treatment should not be delayed until the onset of oliguria or other major systemic effects. 

We worked with a variety of synthetic silicates and their modifications by various physical or chemical treatments or by various chemical additives. We particularly evaluated many synthetic hydrated calcium silicates, with and without additional treatments. These treatments included various organic and inorganic acid compounds, organic surface-active agents, and inorganic salts. We also studied samples dried to remove free moisture and/or some water of hydration. The modifications were selected to effect favorably the properties of the carriers. 

Inorganic salt hydrates can be used to maintain controlled water activities in the enzyme support and in the fluid phase. Chaudhary et al. used sodium pyrophosphate (Na4P207 X IOH2O) in fluoroform to adjust the water activity and to maximize the enzyme activity. They put the salt hydrate inside the batch reactor together with substrates and enzyme. They observed that the salt concentration had an effect on reaction rates, and therefore had to be optimized [49]. 

PhCl/H20 medium are 3.4, 2.1, and 1.0, respectively [5,49]. The presence of hydrated water molecules tends to reduce the anion activation and vary the relative nucleophilicities of anions. For example, in the displacement reaction of n-octylmethanesulfonate and halides under homogeneous conditions, the order of relative nucleophilicities is Cl > Br > I whereas it is Br > I > CF under PTC conditions [5,49,53]. The desiccating salting-out effect provided by the presence of inorganic salt, especially concentrated 50% aqueous NaOH solution, reduces substantially the hydration of anions and ion pairs [9]. 

Effects of Salts. The presence of inorganic salts in aqueous solutions of poly(ethylene oxide) reduces the upper temperature limit of solubility and viscosity. The upper temperature limit of solubility decreases in proportion to the concentration and valence of the ionic species present. The size of the ions is also important eg, smaller hydrated ions have the greatest effect. The effect of a number of inorganic salts on the upper temperature limit of solubility of poly(ethylene oxide) in water is illustrated in Figure 6. The decrease in temperature is nearly... 

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