Injection well capital cost

Case Wells Working With- Injection Total capital costs 2003 ... 

Both thermoplastics and thermosets can be formed by compression moulding (Fig. 24.5). The polymer, or mixture of resin and hardener, is heated and compressed between dies. The method is well suited to the forming of thermosets (casings for appliances, for instance) and of composites with a thermosetting matrix (car bumpers, for example). Since a thermoset can be removed while it is still hot, the cycle time is as short as 10 seconds for small components, 10 minutes for large tliick-walled mouldings. Pressures are lower than for injection mouldings, so the capital cost of the equipment is much less. 

Operating costs for injection wells are significantly lower when compared to capital costs. They include labour for operation and maintenance, chemicals for pretreatment, and power for pump operation (Mickley 2006). During operation of the well, the power required for pumping is the most significant cost (Mickley 2006). 

CleanOX reagents are injected using standard 2-, 4-, and 6-inch monitoring wells, so capital costs are low. 

SFC does have additional capital investment costs as well as chromatographic limitations. A semipreparative SFC system suitable for isolation of impurities will have a capital cost approximately twice that of a comparable semipreparative HPLC system. In addition, there are sample considerations when evaluating SFC as an isolation tool. The sample injected must be dissolved in a diluent that is miscible with CO2 and typically is the modifier. Care must also be taken when components of a sample have a reactive functionality (e.g., carboxylic acid) when alcohol modifiers are used. Ester formation of sample injected or impurity collected can complicate matters. 

The economics of injection moulding, with high capital cost of equipment and moulds, require that moulding be carried out with short high temperature cures. This is well suited for polychloroprene which, unlike natural rubber, produces optimum physical properties under these conditions. It possesses better hot tear strength than many other synthetic rubbers which is essential when moulding complicated sections such as... 

RIM is a relatively new process. It can be used for processing of unfilled resin as well as fibre-reinforced composites. The process was discussed in Chapter 1. The process is similar to RTM (discussed previously) with some variation in mould release and reinforcement sizing to optimise resin chemistry with the process. The low viscosity reactant systems facilitate composite materials production, so-called structural RIM composites [19, 20] in which continuous fibre reinforcement mats are placed in mould cavities before injection. Capital investment and operational cost in RIM are therefore much less than those for conventional injection moulding. Polymerisation of a monomer is usually initiated by heat. However, in RIM, the polymerisation is initiated by impingement mixing (not by heat). Hence it is possible to activate polymerisation at relatively low temperature. Unlike RTM, in RIM the mould-fill times are very low ( 1 s) and a cycle time of <60 s is typical. The process is used for the rapid and automated production of large, thin and complex-shaped parts. 

---