Injection osmotic value

Parenteral products with osmotic values differing from the physiological value may cause phlebitis and irritation. This is especially applicable when the injection remains relatively long at the site of injection such as after subcutaneous, intramuscular, epidural and intrathecal administration. There is a higher chance of phlebitis in small vessels after intravenous administration. However, it is not known which limits should be considered to prevent phlebitis and irritation. According to some sources [22] the osmolarity of an intravenous injection should not be higher than 500 mOsm/kg. For subcutaneous and intramuscular administration the range is smaller. 

Excipients used and compositimi of the injection (formulation solvent or vehicle, osmotic value, viscosity, pH, surfactants, etc.)... 

Method 2 If the iso-osmotic concentration of a substance is known, the osmotic value can be easily calculated. In Martindale, these values are often specified in the description of substances [11]. In the Merck Index and in the Handbook of injectable drugs, the iso-osmotic concentrations for a large number of substances are listed in a table [6, 37]. 

HBA and PhBA-Na were dissolved in pH 12 disodium hydrogenphosphate-NaOH buffer solution and in water, respectively. The drug concentration in injections was 215.3 ijmol/10 ml. The stability constants of drug-3-CD systems, and pH and osmotic pressure values of injections are listed in Table I. 

Because of these effects, only the reversed experiment is possible, the addition of lipid vesicles to a solution of excess in the cell. Here, the reaction proceeds fast enough, because the vesicles are immediately ruptured by the ion bittding due to the osmotic gradient. Tlie total heat of reaction observed for each of the injections is reproducible and the same. In Figure 18, the effect of on the phase behavior of DMPA was shown as revealed by DSC. Clearly, a shift of the phase transition to higher values was observed in an excess of... 

To restore body fluids to a dehydrated individual by intravenous injection, pure water cannot be used. A solution with just the right value of a physical property known as osmotic pressure is necessary, and this requires a solution of a particular concentration of solutes. Again, in this chapter we will learn why. 

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