Initiation element

Nakatani, Y., Horikoshi, M., Brenner, M., Yamamoto, T., Besnard, F., Roeder, R. G., and Freese,E. (1990). Adownstream initiation element required for efficient TATA box binding and in vitro function of TFIID. Nature 348 86-88. 

Prefixes precede each element to indicate the number of atoms in the molecular compound. The stem of the second element is used with the ide suffix. The prefix mon is dropped for the initial element, that is, if no prefix is given, it is assumed the prefix is one. Examples of molecular com-... 

Initiating Agent. An explosive material which has the necessary sensitivity to heat, friction, or percussion to make it suitable for use as an initial element in dn explosive train (Ref 40a, p 92)... 

This type of detonator usually serves as an initiating element of a fuze. When its sensitive end is struck with a sharp firing pin, the pin penetrates thru the thin wall (usually a disc) and initiates the primary charge. 

Ref 2) and used mainly in aerospace applications to transfer a detonation stimulus from an initiating element to some remote expl function... 

Some eukaryotic protein-coding genes lack a TATA box and have an initiator element instead, centered around the transcriptional initiation site. This does not have a strong consensus between genes but often includes a C at position —1 and an A at position +1. Yet other promoters have neither a TATA box nor an initiator element these genes tend to be transcribed at low rates and initiate transcription somewhere within a broad region of DNA (about 200 bp or so) rather than at a defined transcriptional start site. 

Those protein-coding genes that have an initiator element instead of a TATA box (see above) appear to need another protein(s) that binds to the initiator element and facilitates the binding of TBP. The other transcription factors then bind to form the transcription initiation complex in a similar manner to that described above for genes possessing a TATA box promoter. 

Table I summarizes the elemental analysis of the coal samples used (as supplied by the coal bank), the calculated values of the x factors, the swelling conditions and the experimentally determined values of O2 app for these studies. Use of the "initial" elemental analysis of the coal samples (before extraction and swelling) for plotting the data is preferable here, since this elemental analysis is readily available and independent of processing conditions.

Type D material (Fig 1) is made with a metal tube covered by a polyethylene sheath and many layers of woven fiberglas. It is called "controlled detonating fuse (CDF) (Ref 2) and used mainly in aerospace applications to transfer a detonation stimulus from an initiating element to some remote expl function... 

S. T. Smale, A. Jain, J. Kaufmann, K.H. Emami, K. Lo, and LP. Garraway. 1998. The initiator element A paradigm for core promoter heterogeneity within metazoan protein-coding genes Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 63 21-31. (PubMed)... 

Y. Nakatani, et al. A downstream initiation element required for efficient TATA box binding and in vitro function of TFIID. Nature 348 (1990) 86-8. 

Ease of Hliing the initiating elements and ease of safe pressing. 

Absence of corrosive effect of the substance on metal used for initiating elements (cups and tubes). 

For arbitrary dimension d of Euclidean space in which the fractal set Qf is embedded and arbitrary form of the initial element, the mass (the number of bonds) can be defined by singling out the factorial geometric coefficient F ... 

The correction of observed at the Earth cosmic ray composition for nuclear fragmentation in the interstellar medium makes it possible to determine the initial elemental and isotopic composition of accelerated particles, to clarify the process of cosmic ray acceleration and the nature of cosmic ray sources. 

MC simulations are performed with N = 10 molecules, each with four n.n. molecules on a 2d square lattice, at constant P and T, and with the same model parameters as for the MF analysis. To each molecules we associate a cell on a square lattice. The Wolffs algorithm is based on the definition of a cluster of variables chosen in such a way to be thermodynamically correlated." To define the Wolffs cluster, a bond index (arm) of a molecule is randomly selected this is the initial element of a stack. The cluster is grown by first checking the remaining arms of the same initial molecule if they are in the same Potts state, then they are added to the stack with probability Psame = ttiin... 

The third combination is called a composite promoter and consists of both a TATA box and an initiator. This combination can be found in several viral promoters and it has been shown that an additional upstream TF binding site can influence whether the TATA box or the initiator element will be determining the promoter properties [16]. The authors showed that upstream elements can significantly increase the efficiency of the INR in this combination while especially SP-1 sites made the TATA box almost obsolete in their example. The combination of TATA box with an INR had the general effect to induce resistance against the detrimental effects of a TFIIB mutant, which interfered with expression from TATA-only promoters. This is also an example for the more indirect effects of specific arrangements in promoters that may not be apparent unless special conditions occur. 

Gilinger, G., Alwine, J. C. (1993) Transcriptional activation by simian virus-40 large T-Antigen - requirements for simple promoter structures containing either TATA or initiator elements with variable upstream factor binding sites. J Virol 67, 6682-6688. 

The TATA box or an initiation element are structural elements which define a minimal promotor required for recruiting the appropriate RNA polymerase and for initiation of transcription. In higher eucaryotes, the TATA box is often, though not always, ca. 30 bp from the transcription start site. The initiation element includes sequences in the immediate vicinity of the transcription start site. Not every eucaryotic promotor... 

The TAF subunits of TFIID appear to play a role in initiating transcription from promoters that lack a TATA box. For Instance, some TAF subunits contact the initiator element In promoters where It occurs, probably explaining how such sequences can replace a TATA box. Additional TFIID TAF subunits can bind to a consensus sequence A/G-G-A/T-C-G-T-G centered 30 base pairs downstream from the tran-... 

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