Direct initiation

Ions beginning to arc away from initial direction... 

Many neutral molecules diffusing and following approximateiy initial. direction. ... 

Single-focusing mass spectrometer. An instrument in which ions with a given mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) are brought to a focus although the initial directions of the ions diverge. 

The initial direction of transport of pollutants from their source is determined by the wind direction at the source. Air pollutant concentrations from point sources are probably more sensitive to wind direction than any other parameter. If the wind is blowing directly toward a receptor (a location receiving transported pollutants), a shift in direction of as little as 5° (the approximate accuracy of a wind direction measurement) causes concentrations at the receptor to drop about 10% under unstable conditions, about 50% under neutral conditions, and about 90% under stable conditions. The direction of plume transport is very important in source impact assessment where there are sensitive receptors or two or more sources and in trying to assess the performance of a model through comparison of measured air quality with model estimates. 

Despite the body of evidence in favor of the Mayo mechanism, the formation of diphenylcyclobutanes (90, 91) must still be accounted for. It is possible that they arise via the 1,4-diradical 94 and it is also conceivable that this diradical is an intermediate in the formation of the Diels-Alder adduct 95 (Scheme 3.64) and could provide a second (minor) source of initiation. Direct initiation by diradicals is suggested in the thermal polymerization of 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorostyrene where transfer of a fluorine atom from Diels-Alder dimer to monomer seems highly unlikely (high C-F bond strength) and for derivatives which cannot form a Diels-Alder adduct. 

The collection efficiency of particles at a stage of an impactor is based on curvilinear motion and assumes Reynolds numbers for flow greater than 500 but less than 3000. Figure 8A illustrates the principle of inertial sampling in which particles with high momentum travel in the initial direction of flow of an airstream impacting on an obstructing surface and those with low momentum adjust to the new direction of flow and pass around the obstruction. The efficiency of this phenomenon can be described as follows ... 

The angular distribution of the velocity remains spheroidal—that is, the memory of the initial direction persists—until the electron loses... 

In optimization the matrix Q is the Hessian matrix of the objective function, H. For a quadratic function /(x) of n variables, in which H is a constant matrix, you are guaranteed to reach the minimum of/(x) in n stages if you minimize exactly on each stage (Dennis and Schnabel, 1996). In n dimensions, many different sets of conjugate directions exist for a given matrix Q. In two dimensions, however, if you choose an initial direction s1 and Q, s2 is fully specified as illustrated in Example 6.1. 

What is the initial direction of search determined by Newton s method for fix) = x2 + 2 2 What is the step length How many steps are needed to minimize fix) analytically ... 

The duty and responsibility for ascertaining the quality of the consent rests upon each individual who initiates, directs, or engages in the experiment. It is a personal duty and responsibility, which may not be delegated to another with impunity. ... 

The synthesis and electrochemical properties of carbon films prepared from positive photoresist have been reported.The initial direction for this work was the fabrication of carbon interdigitated electrodes. In this work, positive photoresist was spin coated on a silicon substrate, patterned by photolithography, and pyrolyzed to form the carbon electrode. In more recent work, laser excitation has been used to both pyrolyze the film and to write the electrode pattern. ... 

Nitrogen or argon is generally used as collision gas. The ion modulator pushes the ions orthogonally to their initial direction into the TOP analyzer. 

For most drugs, one of the most important meetings with the FDA in the new drug development process is the end of Phase 2 meeting. This was initially directed at drugs of specific interest... 

Note 1 The nematic liquid crystal must have a negative dielectric anisotropy (Af < 0), and a positive anisotropy (Aa > 0). The optical texture corresponding to the flow pattern consists of a set of regularly spaced, black and white stripes perpendicular to the initial direction of the director. These stripes are caused by the periodicity of the change in the refractive index for the extraordinary ray due to variations in the director orientation. 

Another important use of equilibrium constants is to predict the initial direction of a reaction. Most commonly, the original concentrations of substances are unstable with respect to equilibrium this is necessarily the case if any substance is absent. The reaction will proceed in one direction until equilibrium is attained. Referring to the ammonia example, if initially... 

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